HINTS  ABOUT  HEATING 


ARCHITECTS'  EDITION 


OF  THE 
UNIVERSITY 

OF 


TINTS  9  ABOUT 

HEATING 


Containing  valuable  suggestions  res- 
pecting hot-air  furnace  work,  together 
with  tables  of  dimensions,  capacities, 
etc.,  prepared  with  especial  reference 
to  the  Paragon  Hot  Air  Furnace 


Part  One    &    Third  Edition    &    Revised  and  Enlarged 
Philadelphia  and  Baltimore 

ISAAC  A.[SHEPPARD  &  CO 

Mdcccxcviii 


Copyright,  1892 

Copyright,  1897 

Isaac  A.  Sheppard  &  Co. 


Press  of 

Charles  Austin  Bates 
New  York 


UT  HEATINO 


PART  ONE 

THIS   pamphlet   is   not   intended  as   a  manual  of 
information  upon  the  subject  of  heating-  by  hot 
air,  but  simply  to  point  out  to  purchasers  some 
of  the  requisites  of  satisfactory  work,  and  to  assist  any 
dealer,   who  may   be   without   experience   in   furnace 
work,  to  give  satisfaction  to  his  customers. 

Our  climate  requires  more  or  less  artificial  heat 
during  the  greater  part  of  the  year.  If  the  family  is  to 
keep  in  good  health,  proper  warmth  and  ventilation  in 
the  dwelling  are  essential ;  and  money  spent  in  secur- 
ing comfort  in  these  respects  will  often  prevent  sick- 
ness and  save  doctors'  bills. 

Open  Fireplaces  Insufficient 

Open  fireplaces  are  no  longer  regarded,  in  this 
country,  as  anything  more  than  a  pleasant  means  of 
supplementing  heat  derived  from  other  sources.  When 
in  actual  use,  they  afford  excellent  ventilation.  For 
this  reason,  it  is  well  to  provide  them  in  every  dwelling. 
For  heating  purposes,  however,  the  main  reliance  must 
be  placed  upon  either  steam  or  hot  water  apparatus,  or 
upon  Hot  Air  Furnaces. 


M331740 


iv  HINTS   ABOUT    HEATING 

Advantages  of  Warm  Air  Heating 

Steam  heating,  whether  direct  or  indirect,  although 
well  adapted  to  the  requirements  of  large  public  insti- 
tutions, is  less  suited  to  ordinary  buildings.  It  is 
costly  ;  it  requires  skill  and  good  judgment  in  its  man- 
agement; and  it  calls  for  constant  attention.  Hot 
water  apparatus,  while  more  safe  and  more  easily 
managed  than  steam,  is  more  expensive.  Indirect 
steam  or  hot  water  heating,  moreover,  is  exceedingly 
costly ;  and  the  use  of  direct  radiation  relies  upon  heat- 
ing, over  and  over  again,  the  air  that  is  already  in  the 
room.  It  must  certainly  be  conceded,  that  a  more 
healthful  method  of  house  warming  is  one  which  fur- 
nishes a  constant  supply  of  fresh,  pure  air,  taken  from 
the  outside  atmosphere  and  thoroughly  warmed  before  en- 
tering the  room.  This  is  exactly  what  is  accomplished 
by  a  well  constructed  Hot  Air  Furnace.  The  combina- 
tion of  heating  by  hot  air  and  by  hot  water  also,  from 
the  same  source  of  heat,  obviates  the  disadvantages 
which  attend  heating  by  direct  radiation  alone.  This 
mode  of  heating  will  be  treated  of  later. 

Healthfulness  of  Warm  Air  Heating 

Upon  the  grounds  of  superior  healthfulness,  safety, 
economy  in  first  cost,  ease  of  management  and  inex- 
pensiveness  of  repairs,  a  good  Hot  Air  Furnace  is  to  be 
preferred  to  all  other  forms  of  heating  apparatus, 
whenever  its  use  is  feasible.  No  objections  have  ever 
been  urged  against  Hot  Air  Furnaces  that  cannot  easily 
be  shown  to  originate  either  in  defective  construction 
or  in  improper  management.  For  the  latter,  no  furnace 
can  justly  be  blamed.  As  to  the  former,  it  can  only  be 
said  that  furnaces  that  are  defective  in  construction 
can  always  be  obtained  by  those  who  are  unwilling  to 
pay  for  a  good  one.  On  the  other  hand,  it  is  also  true 


HINTS  ABOUT   HEATING  v 

that  a  good  furnace,  satisfactorily  put  up,  is  within  the 
reach  of  every  person  who  is  willing  to  pay  a  fair  price. 
It  is  to  the  interest  of  both  the  furnace  manufacturer 
and  the  furnace  seller  to  do  their  best  to  satisfy  a  pur- 
chaser who  is  willing  to  compensate  them  reasonably 
for  their  outlay. 

The  Best  is  the  Cheapest 

This  is  a  time  worn  proverb ;  but  it  is  emphatically 
true  when  applied  to  Hot  Air  Furnaces.  It  is  an  un- 
reasoning and  false  economy  that  leads  house  owners 
to  use  a  "  cheap"  type  of  furnace,  put  up  in  a  *'  cheap" 
way.  Good  work,  in  any  branch  of  manufacture,  can- 
not be  obtained  without  paying  for  it  what  it  is  worth. 
Surely,  the  health  and  comfort  of  one's  family  are  mat- 
ters of  great  importance;  and  those  persons  who  are 
planning  to  heat  their  own  homes  will  not  find  it  to  their 
interest,  in  the  long  run,  to  use  poor  furnaces  im- 
properly set.  If  they  will  not  pay  the  furnace  man, 
they  may  have  to  pay  the  doctor,  and  the  coal  dealer 
also. 

Even  in  the  case  of  the  houses  so  often  built  in  our 
great  cities,  in  long  rows,  upon  speculation,  with  the 
intention  of  selling  as  quickly  as  possible,  it  is  to  the 
interest  of  builders  to  get  good  work  in  this  line.  Good 
furnace  work  will  enhance  the  value  of  the  property, 
and  will  help  it  to  an  earlier  sale,  at  a  better  price  than 
if  this  important  essential  were  slighted. 

It  is  assumed  that  those  who  read  these  pages  want 
good  work  and  are  willing  to  pay  a  reasonable  price 
for  it. 

Furnace  Problems  of  Two  Kinds 

The  problems  that  arise  in  furnace  work  are  of 
two  kinds,  namely : — those  that  relate  to  the  production 
of  heat,  and  those  that  relate  to  its  proper  distribution. 


vi  HINTS  ABOUT   HEATING 

The  furnace  used  is  responsible  only  for  the  solution  of 
the  former,  and  even  then  only  when  properly  managed. 
The  solution  of  all  the  problems  that  relate  to  the  proper 
distribution  of  the  heat  supplied  by  the  furnace  rests  with 
the  person  who  sets  the  furnace.  He  decides  upon  its  loca- 
tion, adjusts  the  hot  air  pipes  and  flues,  determines 
upon  their  sizes,  locates  the  registers  and  provides  for 
cold  air  supply.  He  needs  to  have  not  a  little  good 
judgment,  experience  and  mechanical  skill;  for  the  suc- 
cessful heating  of  a  building  depends  quite  as  much 
upon  proper  attention  to  each  of  these  matters  as  upon 
the  heating  capacity  of  the  furnace.  Nothing  is  more 
common  than  to  find  a  furnace  complained  of,  when 
the  trouble  is  entirely  due  to  defects  in  the  mode  of  dis- 
tributing the  heat  produced  by  it,  the  arrangements 
made  for  this  purpose  being  so  insufficient  as  to  make 
it  an  impossibility  for  the  hot  air  generated  by  the 
furnace  to  pass  from  the  furnace  to  the  rooms  in  which 
the  heat  is  desired. 

Distribution  of  Heat  First  Considered 

The  principles  that  govern  the  proper  distribution 
of  heated  air  are  few;  but  their  application  differs 
more  or  less  in  each  specific  case.  Much  experience 
and  ingenuity  are  at  times  necessary  in  order  to  attain 
the  best  results.  We  shall  defer,  for  the  present,  the 
discussion  of  such  matters  as  relate  to  the  production 
of  heat,  and  shall  first  consider  the  mode  of  effecting  a 
proper  distribution  of  the  warm  air  generated  by  a  furnace. 

Movement  of  Heated  Air 

Three  fundamental  facts  must  be  remembered: 

I.   Heated  air  is  set  in  motion  by  the  pressure  of  cold 
air  beneath  it. 


HINTS   ABOUT   HEATING  vn 

II.    Heated  air  always  moves  most  readily  in  the  di- 
rection in  which  it  meets  the  least  resistance. 

III.  The  velocity  of  heated  air  in  a  flue  increases  in 
proportion  to  the  height  of  the  flue  and  its  ex- 
cess of  temperature  over  that  of  the  outside 
air. 

Upon  the  observance  of  these  facts  all  satisfactory 
hot  air  heating  depends.  From  the  first,  we  learn  the 
need  of  a  proper  cold  air  supply.  When  the  other  two  are 
borne  in  mind,  it  is  apparent  that  warm  air  will  move 
more  easily  in  a  vertical  than  in  a  horizontal  direction, 
through  short  horizontal  pipes  more  easily  than  through 
long  ones,  through  large  pipes  more  easily  than  through 
small  ones,  through  round  or  square  pipes  more  easily 
than  through  flat  ones,  and  more  easily  through  curved 
than  through  right  angled  elbows.  Also,  it  appears  that 
warm  air  will  move  with  the  prevailing  wind  rather  than 
against  it,  into  a  well  ventilated  room  rather  than  into  a 
close  one,  and  into  an  upper  room  in  preference  to  a  lower 
one. 

The  bearing  of  these  well  established  facts  upon 
the  work  of  intelligent  and  satisfactory  furnace  setting, 
will  be  seen  as  the  discussion  of  the  subject  proceeds. 

Location  of  Furnace 

The  furnace  should  always  be  placed  where  it  will 
be  as  easy  as  possible  for  the  warm  air  to  pass  quickly 
and  uniformly  to  the  rooms  that  are  to  be  heated  by  it. 
Generally  speaking,  a  central  position  is  the  most  favor- 
able for  this  purpose ;  as  it  causes  the  lines  of  pipe  to 
the  different  hot  air  flues  and  registers  to  be  as  nearly 
as  possible  of  equal  length.  This  makes  the  elevation  of 
the  several  pipes  as  nearly  equal  as  possible.  Other 


viii  HINTS  ABOUT   HEATING 

things  being  equal,  uniformity  in  distribution  is  thereby 
secured.  The  greater  the  elevation  of  a  pipe  the  more 
easily  will  the  hot  air  pass  through  it,  and  the  shorter 
the  pipe  the  greater  its  elevation;  so  that  if  a  furnace  be 
so  placed  that  some  of  the  pipes  are  very  short  and 
others  very  long,  the  short  pipes  will  tend  to  carry  away 
most  of  the  heat  and  the  long  ones  will  get  very  little. 
In  cases  in  which  this  arrangement  cannot  be  avoided, 
the  short  pipes  should  be  made  smaller  in  size  than  the 
long  ones,  in  order  to  counteract  this  tendency. 

Heated  air  always  moves  slowly  and  with  difficulty 
through  pipes  that  are* horizontal,  or  nearly  so;  and  hot 
air  pipes  should  never  have  an  elevation  less  than  i  ^ 
inches  per  running  foot.  If  the  cellar  is  too  low  to  give 
such  elevation  to  the  pipes,  the  furnace  must  be  placed 
in  a  pit  of  sufficient  depth,  lined  with  brick  laid  in 
cement.  If  the  cellar  should  be  damp,  the  pit  should 
be  drained  into  a  drainage  well  of  a  greater  depth. 

That  a  furnace  should  be  centrally  located  is  not 
an  invariable  rule;  but  it  is  to  be  advised  in  the  case 
of  such  buildings  as  are  well  sheltered  from  the  winter 
winds.  When  the  exposure  of  a  building  is  great,  as 
in  the  case  of  some  corner  houses  in  cities,  or  of  isolated 
country  residences,  the  furnace  should  be  so  placed  as 
to  give  short  runs  of  pipe  to  the  rooms  on  the  cold  side 
or  sides  of  the  building;  in  other  words,  to  the  north- 
west of  the  centre,  so  as  to  secure  short  runs  of  pipe  to 
the  rooms  on  the  north  and  north-west.  Due  provision 
for  the  north-east  rooms  must  also  be  made.  In  this 
section  of  the  country  the  prevailing  winds  of  winter 
come  from  the  northwest;  and  the  cold,  penetrating 
rain  storms  from  the  east  and  north-east.  These  winds 
tend  to  force  the  heated  air  in  the  building  towards  the 
south-east  or  south-west  rooms,  necessitating  an  ample 
supply  to  the  rooms  from  which  the  warm  air  is  liable 
thus  to  be  driven. 


HINTS  ABOUT   HEATING  ix 

Two  or  More  Furnaces  Often  Desirable 

In  long  and  narrow  buildings,  such  as  the  better 
class  of  residences  in  large  cities,  two  furnaces  should 
be  used,  one  to  heat  the  front,  and  the  other  the  back 
building.  So  in  general,  whenever  the  use  of  a  single 
furnace  would  necessitate  a  long  run  of  pipe  to  any 
part  of  the  building,  two  or  more  furnaces  are  to  be 
advised.  A  better  distribution  of  heat  can  always  be 
effected  when  two  furnaces  are  used,  than  when  only 
one  is  employed.  An  additional  advantage  in  the 
employment  of  a  second  furnace  lies  in  the  reserve 
power  thereby  afforded  in  extremely  cold  weather.  A 
combination  hot-air  and  hot-water  apparatus  is  also  a 
convenient  and  effective  appliance  for  reaching  distant 
rooms,  and  for  distributing  heat  evenly  throughout 
buildings  in  which  the  use  of  hot  air  alone  is  rendered 
difficult  by  peculiarities  of  construction ;  as  in  the  case 
of  old  houses,  in  which  no  provision  for  hot  air  flues 
has  been  made. 

Location  of  Hot  Air  Flues  and  Registers 
in  Dwellings 

Hot  air  flues  should  never  be  placed  in  an  outer 
wall  if  it  is  possible  to  avoid  it.  Loss  of  heat  and  waste 
of  fuel  are  sure  to  result.  When  it  is  impossible  to 
avoid  it,  a  double  tin  flue  should  be  used  in  the  wall, 
with  a  sufficient  air  space  between  the  inner  and  outer 
flues  to  economize  the  heat. 

Whenever  practicable,  the  flues  leading  to  upper 
stories  should  be  entirely  independent  of  the  first  floor 
supply.  The  first  floor  is  the  floor  that  it  is  difficult  to 
heat  properly.  Having  accomplished  that  to  entire 
satisfaction,  little  doubt  need  be  felt  as  to  the  success- 
ful heating  of  the  upper  floors. 


x  HINTS  ABOUT   HEATING 

In  locating  the  registers  on  the  first  floor,  it  is 
desirable  to  place  them  at  the  most  exposed  side  of  the 
room  to  be  heated,  unless  to  do  so  should  involve  a  long 
run  of  pipe  in  the  cellar.  In  that  case,  better  results 
will  be  obtained  by  locating  the  registers  so  as  to  get  a 
short  run  of  pipe  with  a  good  elevation.  Floor  registers 
are  the  most  effective  for  use  on  the  first  floor,  as  the 
hot  air  rises  through  them  with  less  interference  from 
wind  currents,  and  a  more  steady  flow  is  obtained  than 
from  wall  registers.  The  objections  to  floor  registers 
are,  the  necessity  of  cutting  carpets,  and  the  accumula- 
tion of  dust,  sweepings,  etc. ,  which  can  only  be  avoided 
by  the  exercise  of  great  care. 

When  wall  registers  are  for  these  reasons  preferred, 
care  should  be  taken  to  see  that  they  have  register 
boxes  of  ample  size,  and  that  the  flow  of  hot  air  to  and 
through  the  register  box  is  not  checked  or  impeded  by  a 
narrow  inlet.  Nothing  is  more  common,  in  city  houses, 
than  to  find  a  large  wall  register  set  in  hall  or  parlor, 
with  a  register  box  or  casing  that  has  an  air  supply  of 
not  more  than  3x8  inches.  Such  work  cannot  be  satis- 
factory. If  there  is  a  fire-place  in  the  room,  or  a  ven- 
tilating register  higher  than  the  hot  air  register,  it  is 
well  to  locate  the  hot  air  register  on  the  opposite  side, 
as  a  better  diffusion  of  heat  will  thereby  be  gained 
before  the  warm  air  is  withdrawn  from  the  room.  Care 
should  be  taken,  in  all  cases,  not  to  locate  registers 
where  they  may  interfere  with  the  suitable  placing  of 
the  furniture  of  the  room. 

When  these  various  considerations  are  compre- 
hended, it  is  seen  how  important  it  is  to  settle  all  these 
matters  properly  before  the  house  is  built.  It  is  far  more 
easy  and  inexpensive  to  change  a  building  plan,  than  to 
change  a  building.  Architects  should  make  satisfactory 
heating  a  primary  consideration,  and  subordinate  other 
details  to  this. 


HINTS   ABOUT   HEATING  xi 


Hot  Air  Feed  Pipes 

These  should  be  of  bright  charcoal  tin,  preferably 
circular  in  form,  either  double  seamed,  or  made  up 
with  good  slip  joints  lapping  not  less  than  i  ^  inches, 
and  well  soldered.  Sharp  turns  are  to  be  avoided,  and 
three-piece  or  four-piece  elbows  used,  where  elbows  are 
necessary,  in  order  to  diminish  friction.  Dampers 
should  be  placed  in  each  pipe,  near  the  furnace,  and 
marked,  by  tags  or  otherwise,  to  prevent  mistakes.  For 
pipes  from  10  to  14  inches  in  diameter,  it  is  desirable  to 
use  IX  tin.  For  larger  pipes,  No.  26  galvanized  iron 
may  be  used.  They  should  never  approach  nearer  to 
the  joists  or  ceiling  of  cellar  than  6  inches,  and  a  metal 
shield  should  be  placed  over  them  when  they  are  nearer 
than  12  inches. 


Vertical  Hot  Air  Pipes 

These  should  be  circular  in  form  wherever  possible. 
While  flat  or  oval  pipes  are  commonly  used  in  walls 
and  partitions,  such  forms  increase  friction  and  greatly 
retard  the  flow  of  warm  air;  and  the  area  of  such  pipes 
should  therefore  be  correspondingly  increased.  Brick 
flues,  unless  lined  with  tin  or  terra  cotta  pipe,  should 
not  be  used  for  the  passage  of  hot  air.  The  rough 
interior  of  a  brick  flue  impedes  the  movement  of  the 
air ;  and  the  absorption  of  heat  by  the  brick  walls  is 
very  great. 

Care  should  be  taken  to  form  the  "  footing  piece  " 
or  "  starter"  of  every  vertical  pipe  in  such  a  way  as 
will  insure  the  quick  and  easy  flow  of  hot  air  from  the 
feed  pipe  into  the  vertical  pipe;  and  also  to  see  that 


xii  HINTS  ABOUT   HEATING 

the  feed  pipe  is  not  pushed  into  the  "footing  piece" 
so  far  as  to  cut  off  any  of  the  supply.  Nothing  is 
more  common,  in  the  "cheap  "  class  of  furnace  work, 
than  the  blunders  just  indicated. 

In  some  cities,  the  law  requires  that  where  a  hot 
air  pipe  is  carried  up  through  the  centre  of  a  partition, 
the  pipe  shall  be  double,  with  ^  inch  or  more  space 
between  the  two  pipes.  Where  this  is  not  required,  it 
is  possible  by  exercising  care  to  make  quite  as  safe  a 
job  by  using  single  pipe.  Architects  and  builders 
should  be  careful  so  to  locate  partitions  and  studding, 
that  the  partition  pipe  can  be  carried  straight  upward 
throughout  its  entire  length.  Offsets  tend  to  accumu- 
late heat  at  the  points  at  which  they  are  used,  and 
increase  risk  of  fire  while  impeding  the  flow  of  heat. 

Partition  pipes  should  be  kept  3  inches  clear  of 
studding  on  each  side,  and  the  studding  protected  by  a 
tin  lining,  for  which  purpose  the  commonest  grade  of 
tin  may  be  used.  Iron  laths,  or  coarse  screen  wire 
should  be  used  across  the  pipe  between  the  studding, 
in  place  of  wooden  lath.  To  sheathe  the  pipe  with 
asbestos  felt  affords  additional  protection  ;  and  this 
should  be  done  whenever  the  pipe  approaches  suffi- 
ciently near  the  woodwork  of  flooring  or  partition  to 
occasion  the  slightest  doubt  as  to  perfect  safety. 

In  old  houses,  which  it  is  for  the  first  time  desired 
to  heat  by  means  of  hot  air  furnaces,  and  in  which  the 
cutting  out  of  partitions  is  objected  to,  hot  air  pipes  are 
often  carried  to  upper  rooms  through  closets  on  the 
lower  floors.  When  this  is  done,  the  pipes  should  be 
well  sheathed  with  asbestos  felt,  and  all  exposed  wood- 
work lined  with  tin. 

Another  expedient  that  is  sometimes  resorted  to 
for  heating  upper  rooms  for  which  no  encased  hot  air 
flue  has  been  provided,  is  to  carry  up  a  circular  pipe  in 
a  corner  of  a  lower  room.  This  pipe  is  then  -concealed 


HINTS  ABOUT   HEATING  xm 

from  view  by  studding  across  this  corner  at  an  angle  of 
45  degrees,  nailing  iron  lath  or  coarse  screen  wire 
across  the  pipe,  between  the  studding,  to  receive  the 
plastering,  as  in  the  case  of  a  partition  pipe.  This 
makes  a  neat  finish,  and  may  be  used  where  the  cutting 
off  of  the  corner  is  not  objected  to.  The  pipe  is  of 
course  boxed  out  in  the  lower  room  at  the  proper 
height  from  the  floor,  to  receive  the  register;  and,  in 
the  upper  room,  the  same  finish  may  be  used,  or,  if 
preferred,  a  floor  register  may  be  employed,  the  latter 
method  being  the  least  expensive.  By  placing  a  parti- 
tion in  the  pipe,  and  boxing  out  for  an  additional 
register  in  the  adjacent  room,  it  is  possible  to  heat  two 
rooms  on  each  floor  by  means  of  the  one  pipe.  The 
pipe  should  be  reduced  in  size  above  the  register  in 
lower  room,  and  provided  with  a  hot  air  damper.  Such 
a  pipe  should  also  be  sheathed  with  asbestos  felt. 

Whenever  a  hot  air  pipe  passes  through  a  floor  or 
a  partition,  the  wood  work  should  be  cut  away  for  a 
space  of  at  least  3  inches  around  the  pipe,  and  pro- 
tected by  a  double  collar  of  metal  for  holes  for  ventila- 
tion, or  by  the  use  of  a  soapstone  ring,  the  latter  mode 
being,  in  some  cities,  required  by  law. 

Size  of  Hot  Air  Pipes  and  Registers 

It  is  not  practicable,  within  the  compass  of  this 
pamphlet,  to  lay  down  rules  that  shall  cover  all  possi- 
ble cases.  The  most  elaborate  theories  often  need 
modification  by  practical  judgment,  based  upon  expe- 
rience, before  they  can  be  satisfactorily  applied. 

The  requirements  of  the  average  dwelling,  under 
ordinary  conditions,  are  what  are  herein  referred  to. 

In  determining  the  size  of  pipes  required,  the 
cubic  capacity  of  the  rooms  is  by  no  means  the  only 


xiv  HINTS  ABOUT   HEATING 

matter  to  be  considered.  The  exposure  is  of  much 
greater  importance.  Every  square  foot  of  glass,  every 
square  foot  of  exposed  wall  surface,  and  every  added 
possibility  of  the  removal  of  heat  by  sharp  and  pene- 
trating winds,  increase  the  demand  for  hot  air  supply ; 
and  this,  of  course,  means  that  the  size  of  the  pipe 
used  must  be  proportionately  increased.  In  connection 
with  our  Tables  of  Furnace  Capacities,  fuller  data  will 
be  given  for  the  determination  of  these  matters. 

Generally  speaking,  the  size  of  pipes  used  should 
be  determined  with  reference  to  the  following  con- 
siderations : — i.  Size  of  rooms.  2.  Exposure.  3.  Di- 
rection from  furnace.  4.  Distance  from  furnace.  5. 
Height  above  furnace  ;  /.  ^.,  whether  on  first,  second 
or  third  floor. 

The  larger  the  room,  and  the  greater  the  exposure, 
the  larger  the  pipe  required.  If  the  direction  of  the 
room  from  the  furnace  is  such  that  the  hot  air  must  be 
carried  to  the  room  against  the  prevailing  winter  winds, 
the  pipe  must  be  larger  than  the  pipes  used  to  rooms  of 
like  size  on  the  warm  side  of  the  house.  So  also,  a 
room  that  is  at  a  distance  from  the  furnace  must  have 
a  larger  supply  of  pipe  than  a  room  that  is  near  by,  in 
order  to  make  up  for  the  diminished  elevation  of  the 
pipe. 

A  room  on  an  upper  floor  will  not  require  so  large 
a  pipe  as  one  of  the  same  size  on  the  first  floor;  as  the 
greater  draft  of  the  vertical  pipe  increases  the  velocity 
and  therefore  the  quantity,  of  the  hot  air  passing 
through  it. 

As  has  before  been  stated,  rooms  on  the  first  floor 
are  best  heated  by  independent  pipes.  Rooms  on 
second  and  third  floors  can  usually  be  heated  satis- 
factorily by  single  lines  of  pipe,  reduced  in  size  above 
second  floor  register,  and  furnished  with  a  hot  air 
damper  to  regulate  the  flow  to  the  upper  room. 


HINTS   ABOUT    HEATING 


xv 


Under  ordinary  conditions,  the  sizes  of  pipes  and 
registers  indicated  below  may  be  recommended : 

FIRST  FLOOR 


SIZE  OF  ROOM  IN 

SIZE  o 

F  PIPE 

SIZE  OF  I 

REGISTER 

CUBIC  FEET 

If  Round 

If  Flat 

If  Round 

If  Square 

Less  than  1,500.  .  . 
1,500  to  2,000  
2  ooo  to  3  ooo.  . 

7  inches 
8       " 
Q        " 

4  x    9  in. 
4x12    " 
4x16    " 

g  inches 

IO 

ii 

7  x  10  in. 
8xio' 
8x12    ' 

3  ooo  to  4  ooo.. 

IO         " 

4x18    " 

12 

9  x  14    ' 

4,000  to  5,500  

II         " 

6  x  16    " 

14 

12x15    ' 

5,500  to  7,000  

12 

6  x  18    " 

16 

14  x  18    ' 

SECOND  AND  THIRD  FLOORS 

USING   ONE    PIPE,    DIMINISHED    ABOVE    SECOND    FLOOR    REGISTER 


SIZE  OF  ROOM  IN 
CUBIC  FEET 

SIZE  OF  PIPE  TO  SECOND 
FLOOR 

SIZE  OF  DIMINISHED  PIPE 
TO  THIRD  FLOOR 

If  Round 

If  Flat 

If  Round 

If  Flat 

Less  than  1,500.  .  . 
1,500  to  2,000  
2,000  to  3,000  
3,000  to  4,000  

Less  than  1,500.  .  . 
i,  500  to  2  ooo.. 

8  inches 
9      " 

IO        " 

ii      " 

4  x  12  in. 
4x  16  " 
4x18  " 
6  x  16  " 

6  inches 

7      " 
8       " 

9      " 

4  x    9  in. 
4x9" 
4x12  " 
4  x  14  " 

Size  of  Register  —  Second 
Floor 

Size  of  Register—  Third 
Floor 

8  x  10  inches 

8  X  12 

g  x  14       " 
10  x  14      " 

6  x  10  inches 
7  x  10      " 
8  x  10      " 
9x12      " 

2,000  to  3,000  
3,000  to  4,000  

If  the  house  is  but  two  stories  high,  use  independ- 
ent pipes  to  second  story  rooms,  of  the  sizes  indicated 
in  the  foregoing  tables  for  diminished  pipe  to  third 
story  rooms,  with  registers  of  corresponding  size. 


XVI 


HINTS   ABOUT   HEATING 


In  the  halls  of  dwellings,  an  8  inch  pipe  with  a 
10  inch  round  or  an  8  x  10  inch  square  register  will,  in 
most  cases  be  found  sufficient. 


Relative  Area  of  Pipes  and  Registers 

It  should  always  be  remembered  that  the  valves 
and  fret-work  of  the  registers  commonly  used,  reduce 
their  nominal  capacity  about  one-third.  The  following 
table  of  relative  areas  will  be  found  convenient  for 
reference: 


HOT  AIR  PIPE 

ROUND  REGISTERS 

SQUARE  REGISTERS 

Size 

Effective  Area 

Size 

Effective  Area 

Size 

Effective  Area 

7  in. 

38  sq.  in. 

7  in. 

26  sq.  in. 

6x  10  in 

40  sq.  in. 

8 

50 

8 

33 

7x10 

46 

9 

63 

9 

42 

8xio 

53 

10 

78 

10 

52 

8x12 

64 

ii 

95 



9X  12 

72 

12 

H3 

12 

75 

9x14 

84 

14 

153 

14 

103 

IOX  12 

80 

16 

2OI 

16 

134 

iox  14 

93 

18 

254 

18 

169 

I2X  15 

120 

20 

3H 

20 

209 

I4x  18 

165 

22 

380 

24 

301 

i6x  20 

213 

24 

452 

30 

47i 

16x24 

256 

The  tin  or  galvanized  iron  register  boxes  in  which 
registers  are  set,  should  be  from  one  to  three  inches 
deeper,  according  to  size,  than  the  depth  of  the  register 
when  open.  In  setting  wall  registers  in  shallow  flues, 
as  in  partitions,  the  register  should  be  set  in  a  stone 
border,  or  else  a  convex  register  should  be  used,  so  that 
the  flange  and  valves  of  the  register  may  not  enter 
into  and  partially  shut  off  the  hot  air  flue . 


HINTS  ABOUT   HEATING  xvii 

Churches,  Stores  and  Public  Buildings 

These  structures  present  somewhat  different  con- 
ditions from  those  that  are  encountered  in  dwelling- 
houses.  All  that  has  been  said  as  to  the  underlying- 
principles  of  warm  air  heating-  of  course  holds  good  ; 
but  their  application  is  modified  by  the  circumstances  of 
each  case.  Systematic  and  well  planned  ventilating 
arrangements  are  much  more  frequently  found  in  these 
buildings  than  in  ordinary  dwellings.  These  serve  to 
facilitate  the  heating  of  the  building;  but  they  also  call 
for  larger  heating  capacity  in  the  furnaces  selected. 
The  mistakes  usually  made  in  such  cases,  are  the  selec- 
tion of  furnaces  that  are  too  small,  and  the  endeavor  to 
make  one  furnace  do  the  work  of  two. 

In  locating  registers  for  church  heating,  the  en- 
deavor should  be  to  distribute  the  heat  evenly  through- 
out the  building.  A  register  should  always  be  placed 
near  each  entrance,  in  order  that  the  effect  of  the  influx 
of  cold  air,  consequent  upon  the  frequent  opening  of 
the  doors,  may  be  counteracted.  Other  registers  should 
be  placed  wherever  they  are  necessary  to  carry  the  heat 
equally  to  all  parts  of  the  room. 

The  location  of  registers  having  first  been  deter- 
mined, the  next  thing  to  ascertain  is  whether  these  regis- 
ters can  be  reached  by  short  runs  of  pipe,  with  a  good 
elevation,  from  a  single  furnace.  If  not,  it  may  be 
regarded  as  settled  that  more  than  one  furnace  will  be 
required. 

Try  groups  of  three  or  four  registers,  and  see 
whether  a  point  can  be  found  that  will  give  nearly  equal, 
and  moderately  short,  runs  of  pipe  to  the  registers  of 
each  group,  and  locate  furnaces  accordingly.  Having- 
found  the  number  of  furnaces  necessary,  it  will  be  easy 
to  determine  upon  their  proper  size  and  capacity. 

Never  locate  a  register  immediately  over  a  furnace. 


xvin  HINTS   ABOUT    HEATING 

It  is  a  source  of  discomfort,  to  those  who  sit  near  it,  by 
reason  of  the  intense  heat  and  strong  draft  arising  from 
it ;  while  the  heat  rises  rapidly  to  the  ceiling  without 
dispersing  its  benefits  to  those  who  are  a  little  further 
removed  from  it.  Two  or  three  registers  of  a  smaller 
size,  each  located  eight  or  ten  feet  away  from  the 
furnace,  will  give  far  more  pleasant  and  satisfactory 
results. 

In  arranging  the  registers  for  a  store,  care  should 
be  taken  to  place  one  near  the  entrance.  The  location  of 
the  others  should  depend  upon  the  ordinary  uses  of 
certain  parts  of  the  building.  Where  sorting,  handling 
and  packing  of  goods  is  usual,  less  heat  will  be  needed 
than  in  those  parts  of  the  building  in  which  persons  are 
engaged  in  sedentary  occupation.  In  stores  in  which 
skylight  openings  are  cut  through  to  the  first  floor,  the 
first  floor  registers  should  be  so  placed  as  to  prevent 
the  warm  air  from  rising  through  the  opening  until 
after  its  heat  has  been  well  diffused  throughout  the  first 
floor. 

Cold  Air  Supply 

This  should  never  be  taken  from  the  cellar  if  it  is 
possible  to  avoid  doing  so ;  but  it  should  be  brought 
from  the  outer  air,  by  means  of  a  cold  air  duct,  which 
may  be  constructed  of  brick,  galvanized  iron  or  wood, 
as  may  be  preferred.  The  sectional  area  of  this  duct 
should  be  not  less  than  three-fourths  of  the  sectional 
area  of  all  the  hot  air  pipes  leading  from  the  furnace. 
Thus  if  four  p-inch  pipes  are  to  be  supplied  with  warm 
air,  their  total  area  being  252  square  inches,  the  cold 
air  duct  should  measure  not  less  than  lox  19  inches  in- 
side, or  its  equivalent.  If  one  cold  air  opening  in  the 
base  of  the  furnace  is  inadequate  to  receive  this  supply, 
the  duct  should  be  divided  into  two  parts,  and  one  car- 
ried to  an  opening  on  each  side  of  the  furnace  base. 


HINTS  ABOUT    HEATING  xix 

Whenever  possible,  take  the  cold  air  from  either 
the  north  or  the  west  side  of  the  building,  as  it  is  from 
the  north-west  that  the  prevailing  cold  winds  of  winter 
come.  Put  a  slide  in  the  cold  air  duct,  arranged  so  that 
it  can  be  closed  one-half,  should  an  unusual  wind-press- 
ure render  it  necessary,  but  so  that  it  can  never  be 
entirely  shut  off.  The  outer  opening  of  the  duct  should 
be  closed  by  a  wire  screen,  to  prevent  the  entrance  of 
animals.  When  a  settling  chamber  and  filtration  ap- 
paratus can  be  provided,  all  dust  may  be  removed  from 
the  air  before  its  admission  to  the  furnace ;  but,  except 
in  the  best  jobs  of  work,  the  expense  of  such  an  appli- 
ance occasions  objection.  Very  excellent  work  can  be 
done  if  cost  is  a  secondary  consideration. 

The  best  method  of  introducing  the  cold  air  to  the 
furnace  is  from  beneath.  This  involves  the  use  of  a  fur- 
nace with  closed  base  and  sides,  and  an  open  bottom. 
Place  the  furnace  over  a  pit,  lined  with  brick  laid  in 
cement,  first  building  a  central  pier  up  to  the  ash  pit, 
to  support  the  weight  of  the  furnace.  The  cold  air  duct 
should  be  so  connected  with  this  pit  as  to  secure  a  per- 
fectly uniform  distribution  of  the  cold  air  around  the 
furnace,  in  order  that  the  diffusion  of  heat  from  the 
radiating  surfaces  may  be  rapid  and  uniform.  When 
it  is  not  desired  to  incur  this  expense,  a  furnace  with 
closed  bottom  may  be  used,  and  the  cold  air  introduced 
thereto  by  means  of  suitable  collars  in  the  sides  of  the 
casing. 

If  it  is  impracticable  to  get  a  direct  cold  air  supply 
and  the  air  has  therefore  to  be  taken  from  the  cellar, 
the  cellar  must  be  kept  perfectly  clean,  and  as  free  from 
dust  as  possible;  and  an  inlet  for  fresh  air  must  be  pro- 
vided by  carrying  a  pipe  of  the  proper  size  from  a  win- 
dow, or  an  opening  in  the  wall,  to  a  point  within  twelve 
or  fourteen  inches  of  the  cellar  floor.  The  cold  air 
so  introduced  will  flow  in  a  direct  line  to  the  furnace, 


xx  HINTS   ABOUT   HEATING 

without  creating  an  unpleasant  draft  in  the  cellar.  Such 
an  expedient,  however,  should  not  be  resorted  to  if  there 
is  any  way  of  reaching  the  furnace  by  a  regular  cold  air 
duct. 

If  there  are  any  turns  or  bends  in  the  cold  air  duct, 
care  should  be  taken  to  avoid  any  diminution  of  its  area 
at  such  points.  It  must  be  of  full  size  throughout.  A 
furnace  cannot  supply  warm  air  unless  it  is  first  fed 
with  the  air  that  it  is  expected  to  heat. 

When  a  public  hall  or  the  audience  room  of  a  church 
is  to  be  heated  by  a  hot  air  furnace,  it  is  sometimes  ad- 
vantageous to  make  a  connection  between  the  cold  air 
duct  of  the  furnace  and  the  room  to  be  heated,  arrang- 
ing it  so  that  this  connecting  pipe  may  be  entirely 
closed  by  a  slide.  Until  the  room  is  occupied  by  the 
audience,  the  cold  air  may  thus  be  drawn  from  the  room 
itself  and  returned  to  it  warmed,  the  heating  process 
then  going  on  rapidly.  As  soon  as  the  audience  begins 
to  assemble,  the  connecting  pipe  from  the  room  should 
be  closed,  and  the  outer  cold  air  supply  opened ;  so  that 
thereafter  a  supply  of  pure  warm  air  will  be  furnished 
to  the  room,  already  comfortably  heated. 

When  it  is  desired  to  place  a  furnace  in  the  base- 
ment of  a  church  or  other  building,  and  to  heat  the 
basement  as  well  as  the  upper  part  of  the  building 
thereby,  the  cold  air  supply  should  be  carried  to  the 
furnace  beneath  the  basement  floor.  To  obtain  good 
results,  the  furnace  should  be  fitted  with  but  a  single 
casing,  which  should  be  of  Russia  iron,  in  order  that 
the  heat  may  be  freely  radiated  into  the  basement  room. 
An  upper  door  or  doors  should  be  placed  in  the  casing, 
and  a  damper  in  each  of  the  hot  air  pipes  that  lead  to 
the  room  above.  The  entire  heat  of  the  furnace  may 
then,  if  desired,  be  retained  in  the  basement  by  closing 
the  hot  air  dampers  and  opening  the  upper  door  or 
doors  of  the  furnace. 


HINTS   ABOUT   HEATING  xxi 

Ventilation 

In  order  to  remove  the  carbonic  acid  gas  and  or- 
ganic impurities  produced  by  respiration,  and  to  make 
good  the  constant  withdrawal  of  oxygen  by  the  burning 
of  lights  at  night,  some  provision  for  a  continual  change 
of  the  air  of  inhabited  rooms  is  necessary.  This  venti- 
lation it  is  the  province  of  the  architect  to  arrange  for; 
and  the  furnace  setter  is  rarely  consulted.  The  latter 
has  in  most  cases  to  be  content  with  such  ventilation  as 
he  finds  to  have  been  already  provided  when  his  own 
work  begins.  Yet  unless  some  way  is  at  hand  whereby 
the  air  that  is  already  in  a  room  may  flow  out,  it  is 
manifest  that  the  hot  air  which  the  furnace  is  ready  to 
supply  cannot  flow  into  it.  Sometimes  the  quickest 
way  to  heat  a  room  is  to  lower  a  window  slightly  on 
the  side  opposite  to  that  from  which  the  wind  is  blow- 
ing, to  give  the  cold  air  in  a  room  a  chance  to  escape 
freely,  and  make  room  for  the  admission  of  the  warm 
air  that  would  otherwise  enter  but  slowly. 

To  discuss  the  subject  of  ventilation  at  length 
would  require  a  volume.  Only  a  passing  notice,  ren- 
dered necessary  by  the  intimate  connection  of  ventila- 
tion and  heating,  is  possible  here. 

The  use  of  open  fireplaces,  as  has  before  been  said, 
so  long  as  fire  is  kept  in  them,  furnishes  to  many 
dwellings  a  good  method  of  ventilation.  When  the 
fire  is  out,  a  down  draft  often  occurs  in  the  chimney, 
which  renders  it  useless  as  means  of  removing  vitiated 
air.  In  large  buildings,  such  as  churches  and  halls, 
systematic  provision  is  usually  made  for  ventilation ; 
but  many  dwellings  are  without  suitable  arrangements 
of  this  sort.  The  most  common  method  of  ventilating 
dwellings  is  that  of  employing  outlet  flues,  which  are 
kept  warm  either  by  being  built  in  immediate  contact 
with  the  smoke  flues  of  the  furnace  and  of  the  kitchen 


xxii  HINTS   ABOUT   HEATING 

range,  or  by  having  the  smoke  pipes  carried  up  through 
the  ventilating  flues,  using  for  the  purpose  a  pipe  made 
either  of  cast  or  wrought  iron,  or  terra  cotta.  The 
warmth  thus  obtained  creates  an  upward  current  in  the 
ventilating  flues,  and  the  vitiated  air  is  drawn  out  of 
the  rooms  and  up  the  flues  through  registers  suitably 
located  and  opening  into  the  ventilating  flues,  either 
directly  or  through  ventilating  pipes. 

Some  persons  argue  that  ventilating  registers 
should  be  placed  near  the  floor  of  the  room.  They 
base  this  opinion  upon  the  fact  that  carbonic  acid  gas, 
when  unmixed,  is  heavier  than  common  air  at  the  same 
temperature ;  and  they  therefore  contend  that  when  it 
is  produced  in  a  room  by  respiration,  it  will  fall  to  the 
floor,  and  that  it  can  be  removed  only  by  means  of 
outlets  at  the  floor.  This  notion  fails  to  take  into 
account  the  law  of  transfusion  of  gases,  which  teaches 
us  that  at  the  moment  carbonic  acid  gas  is  exhaled  from 
the  lungs,  it  at  once  intermingles  with  the  air  through- 
out the  entire  room.  It  also  overlooks  the  fact  that, 
when  it  passes  out  of  the  lungs,  the  human  breath, 
loaded  with  organic  impurities  as  well  as  with  carbonic 
acid  gas,  is  at  the  bodily  temperature  of  98  degrees, 
while  the  ordinary  temperature  of  a  properly  heated 
room  is  only  about  70  degrees.  The  heated  breath, 
therefore,  rises  at  once  to  a  level  that  corresponds  with 
its  temperature;  so  that  the  foulest  air  in  a  room  will 
ordinarily  be  found  at  a  higher  level  than  the  heads  of 
its  occupants.  If  any  one  doubts  this,  let  him  simply 
stand  upon  a  table  in  a  heated  room  of  ordinary  height, 
and  find  whether  the  air  that  he  will  then  inhale  is 
purer  and  sweeter  than  the  air  he  was  breathing  when 
he  stood  upon  the  floor. 

Observation  leads  to  the  belief  that  in  ordinary 
dwellings  the  most  satisfactory  results  are  attained 
when  the  ventilating  registers  are  placed  near  the 


HINTS   ABOUT   HEATING  xxm 

ceiling.  This  plan,  of  course,  continually  withdraws 
heat  from  the  room,  and  demands  an  ample  supply  of 
hot  air,  larger  furnaces  and  more  fuel.  Like  almost 
every  other  good  thing,  good  ventilation  costs  money. 
When  economy  of  fuel  is  an  object,  place  the  ventilat- 
ing registers  near  the  floor.  Architects  often  provide 
outlet  registers  near  the  floor  and  near  the  ceiling  also, 
leaving  the  occupants  of  the  house  free  to  open  either 
at  their  pleasure. 

Ample  Furnace  Capacity  Essential 

We  repeat  that  wherever  means  of  artificial  ven- 
tilation have  been  provided,  the  furnace  should  be  of 
ample  capacity,  otherwise  the  rooms  may  be  cold  when 
the  ventilating  registers  are  open;  and  if  they  are  not 
to  be  opened,  they  might  as  well  not  exist  at  all. 

Fortunately  in  ordinary  dwellings,  tenanted,  as 
most  of  our  American  homes  are,  by  but  a  few  persons, 
natural  ventilation  furnishes  all  the  change  of  air  that 
is  indispensable  to  health,  if  the  rooms  are  heated  by  a 
good  hot  air  furnace,  well  supplied  by  cold  air  from 
without.  The  pure  warm  air  that  enters  the  room 
from  the  furnace  is  constantly  displacing  an  equal  amount 
of  the  air  that  was  previously  in  the  room.  If  this 
were  not  so,  the  warm  air  could  not  enter  the  room 
at  all. 

This  displacement  is  made  possible  by  the  outlet 
that  is  afforded  by  crevices  in  floors  and  around  window 
frames,  and  by  loosely  fitted  doors  and  window  sashes, 
and  lastly,  though  not  least,  by  diffusion  through  the 
walls  themselves.  This  has  been  shown,  by  Petten- 
kofer's  experiments,  to  be  not  less  than  seven  cubic 
feet  of  air  per  hour  for  each  square  yard  of  wall  surface 
(brick  wall,  plastered,  but  not  papered),  when  the 


xxiv  HINTS   ABOUT   HEATING 

difference  between  the  temperature  within  and  with- 
out is  40  degrees.  In  a  room  12  xi5xio  feet,  this 
diffusion  would  amount  to  2,800  cubic  feet  per 
hour. 

As  has  before  been  said,  ordinary  dwellings  are 
large  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  persons  who  live 
in  them ;  and  natural  ventilation  is  often  adequate  to 
effect  the  necessary  change  of  air.  In  the  light  of 
what  has  been  said,  however,  the  great  importance  of 
a  plentiful  supply  of  pure  air  to  the  furnace  must 
clearly  appear.  In  some  States  the  laws  require  1,800 
cubic  feet  of  air  to  be  supplied  in  school  rooms  per  hour 
for  each  scholar.  This  is  a  very  fair  and  healthful 
standard  where  rooms  are  occupied  for  two  or  more 
hours  at  a  time.  In  ordinary  hospital  service  3,600 
cubic  feet  per  patient  per  hour,  and  for  infectious 
diseases,  double  that  amount  should  be  provided.  It  is 
not  that  such  an  amount  of  air  is  required  for  the 
simple  act  of  breathing,  but  that  the  emanations  thrown 
off  through  the  pores  vitiate  the  air. 

These  considerations  also  show  that  it  is  short- 
sighted economy  to  stint  the  size  of  the  furnace  used. 
No  matter  whether  reliance  is  placed  upon  natural  or 
artificial  ventilation,  ample  furnace  power  must  be  pro- 
vided if  a  steady  and  adequate  change  of  air  in  the 
rooms  is  to  be  secured. 

Supply  of  Moisture 

This  is  a  matter  of  some  importance.  As  air  is 
heated,  its  capacity  for  absorbing  moisture  proportion- 
ately increases.  If  there  be  no  arrangement  made  for 
supplying  this  moisture  directly  to  the  air  as  it  is  heated, 
it  will  be  drawn  from  the  wood  work  and  furniture  in 
the  house,  causing  annoying  and  damaging  cracks  and 
shrinkage.  The  health  of  the  occupants  of  the  room 


HINTS  ABOUT   HEATING  xxv 

also  will  suffer,  as  the  needed  moisture  will  be  taken 
up  by  the  heated  air  from  the  bodily  surfaces  and  the 
mucous  membranes,  thereby  rendering  the  persons 
susceptible  to  cold,  and  occasioning  many  catarrhal 
troubles.  In  all  our  furnaces  provision  is  made  for  a 
water  supply ;  and  the  pans  provided  for  that  purpose 
should  always  be  kept  filled  with  water. 

Hot  Water  and  Hot  Air  Heating  Combined 

Difficulties  often  arise  in  properly  distributing  furn- 
ace heat  in  buildings  in  which  a  small  number  of 
rooms  are  too  far  distant  from  the  furnace  to  be  prop- 
erly heated,  or  in  which  the  carrying  of  horizontal  hot 
air  pipes  through  finished  rooms  is  objectionable.  To 
overcome  such  difficulties,  we  manufacture  a  furnace 
with  a  water-heating  attachment  by  which  these  rooms 
can  be  heated  without  increasing  the  number  of  fires, 
or  using  an  additional  furnace,  or  disfiguring  finished 
rooms  with  large  hot  air  pipes.  As  the  problems  in- 
volved are  practically  those  involved  in  heating  by  hot 
water,  it  becomes  necessary  to  present  a  few  explana- 
tions and  rules  which  are  intended  to  be  plain,  simple 
and  easily  understood,  without  going  too  much  into 
detail.  In  accomplishing  this,  several  considerations 
require  attention,  namely : 

FIRST. — (a)  The  use  of  the  rooms,  and  the  number 
of  people  who  are  to  occupy  them. 

(b]  The  cubic  contents,  the  exposure  and  the  glass 
surface. 

SECOND. — (a)  The  kind  of  radiation,  whether  direct 
or  indirect. 

(b)  The  amount  of  radiation  required. 

(V)  If  indirect,  the  proper  size  of  air  ducts. 

(d)  The  location  and  arrangement  of  radiators 


xxvi  HINTS   ABOUT    HEATING 

THIRD. — (a)  The  arrangement  of  flow,  return  and 
draw-off  pipes. 

(b)  The  proper  size  of  same. 

(c)  The  location  of  expansion  tank  with  overflow 
and  supply  pipes  for  same. 

FOURTH. — The  proportion  of  water-heating  surface 
to  the  amount  of  radiating  surface,  and  the  size  of  hot 
air  furnace  required  in  connection  with  the  hot  water 
heating. 

Taking  these  up  in  order,  we  consider: 

FIRST. — (a)  The  use  of  the  rooms  and  number  of 
occupants. 

In  an  ordinary  dwelling  house,  there  are  two  rooms 
that  should  be  especially  well  provided  with  heat — the 
dining-room  and  the  bath-room.  The  dining-room,  in 
which  persons  first  assemble  in  the  morning,  after  the 
fire  has  run  low  during  the  night,  should  be  so  arranged 
as  to  be  heated  quickly  and  well,  as  breakfast  in  a 
cold,  cheerless  room  is  not  conducive  to  a  pleasant 
disposition  during  the  remainder  of  the  day.  The  bath 
room  requires  much  more  heat  in  proportion  to  its  size 
than  other  rooms,  as  it  is  generally  a  small  room,  and 
the  smaller  the  room  the  larger  must  be  the  proportion 
of  heating  surface.  Direct  radiators  are  more  comfort- 
able in  rooms  of  this  kind ;  for  a  current  of  air  from  a 
register,  even  though  quite  warm,  seems  much  cooler 
than  it  really  is,  especially  if  one  is  unclothed  and  wet. 
In  ordinary  living  rooms,  it  is  sufficient  both  for  proper 
heating  and  ventilation  to  change  the  air  in  the  room 
twice  per  hour.  In  rooms  in  which  large  numbers  of 
people  congregate,  a  proportionately  larger  supply  of 
air  is  needed,  but  the  volume  of  air  delivered  should 
be  of  a  much  lower  temperature,  as  the  heat  radiated 
from  each  person,  as  well  as  that  thrown  off  from  the 
lungs,  not  only  tends  to  vitiate  the  air,  but  so  raises  the 
temperature  that,  in  ordinary  winter  weather,  the  bodily 


HINTS   ABOUT    HEATING 


XXVII 


heat  of  the  occupants  will  maintain  the  heat  of  the  room, 
and  the  air  supply  should  then  only  be  heated  suffi- 
ciently to  take  the  chill  off. 

(b)  Cubic  contents,  exposure  and  glass  surface. 
These  are  the  main  factors  to  be  considered  when  the 
rooms  are  used  as  living  rooms,  offices,  etc.,  to  be  oc- 
cupied by  but  few  persons  at  the  same  time.  Specially 
exposed  rooms  are  those  situated  on  the  north  or  west 
side ;  as  in  the  winter  season  they  get  little  or  no  sun 
rays,  and  are  exposed  to  the  colder  winds  that  force  the 
heat  from  those  rooms  to  the  opposite  side  of  the  build- 
ing ;  also  corner  rooms  or  others  that  have  two  or  three 
outside  exposures.  Rooms  with  but  one  outside  ex- 
posure are  classed  as  ordinary  rooms. 

SECOND. — (a)  THE  KIND  OF  RADIATION.  "Direct" 
and  "  Indirect,"  are  terms  used  to  designate  the  loca- 
tion of  radiating  sur- 
faces and  the  manner 
of  supplying  or  con- 
ducting heat  to  the 
room.  A  "direct" 
radiator  is  one  that 
is  located  within  the 
room  or  space  to  be 
heated,  communicat- 
ing its  heat  directly 
to  the  air  that  is  con- 
tained in  the  room. 

An  "indirect" 
radiator  is  one  that 
is  located  at  some 
point  beneath  the 
room  to  be  heated, 
being  encased  in  a 
galvanized  iron  cas- 
ing or  box  to  Which  CuT  OF  INDIRECT  RADIATOR. 


HINTS   ABOUT   HEATING 


fresh  air  is  supplied,  and  from  which  the  heated  air 
thus  supplied  rises  through  suitably  arranged  ducts 
to  the  room  that  is  to  be  warmed. 

A  radiator  located  within  the  room  to  be  heated, 
that  is  supplied  with  external  air  in  such  a  way  as  to 
heat  it  before  it  passes  into  the  room  is  called  a  "  semi- 
direct,"  or  "direct-indirect"  radiator.  This  style 

of  radiator  is  growing  in 
favor,  as  it  combines  the 
advantages  both  of  direct 
and  of  indirect  radiation. 
(//)  AMOUNT  OF  RADI- 
ATION REQUIRED.  Ordin- 
arily, on  account  of  the 
constant  change  of  air, 
from  45  to  50  per  cent. 
more  of  indirect  radiating 
surface  and  about  30  per 
cent,  more  of  "semi- 
direct"  radiating  surface 
is  required  than  of  direct 
radiating  surface,  to  do 
the  same  amount  of  work. 
For  rooms  of  ordinary 


SEMI-  DIRECT 


CUT  OF  SEMI-DIRECT  RADIATOR. 


exposure, 


with    but 


one   side    exposed    to   the 

outer  air,  and  an  ordinary  amount  of  glass  surface, 
a  proportion  of  three  square  feet  of  direct  hot  water 
radiating  surface  per  hundred  cubic  feet  of  space,  is 
a  very  fair  standard;  for  exposed  rooms,  from  four 
to  four  and  a  half  square  feet,  according  to  the 
degree  of  exposure  ;  in  determining  which,  good 
judgment  must  be  used,  as  no  "hard  and  fast 
rule  "  will  strictly  apply  to  all  cases.  Upon  this 
basis,  we  may  compute  as  follows: 


HINTS   ABOUT   HEATING 


CONTENTS  OF  ROOM 

DIRECT  RADIATION  FOR 
ORDINARY  EXPOSURE 

DIRECT  RADIATION  FOR 
SPECIAL  EXPOSURE 

1,000  cubic  feet. 

30  square  feet. 

40  to    45  square  feet. 

1,500 

*         * 

45 

60 

67 

'            " 

2,000 

1 

60 

80 

90 

<            « 

2,500 

*         ' 

75 

IOO 

112 

i            n 

5,000 

*         • 

150 

200 

225 

<            1  1 

10,000 

300 

400 

450 

Having  proportioned  the  amount  of  direct  radiation 
required,  add  thereto  30  per  cent,  of  radiation,  if  semi- 
direct  or  "direct-indirect"  radiation  is  to  be  employed. 
If  the  full  indirect  system  is  to  be  employed,  add  50 
per  cent. 

To  illustrate:  a  room  12  feet  wide,  15  feet  long 
and  10  feet  high,  containing  1,800  feet,  if  of  ordinary 
exposure,  will  require  54  feet  of  direct  radiating  sur- 
face ;  of  semi-direct  radiation,  30  per  cent,  more,  or 
•jofo  square  feet;  or  of  indirect  radiation,  50  per  cent, 
more,  or  81  square  feet.  A  room  of  the  same  size, 
specially  exposed,  will  require  from  72  to  81  square 
feet  of  direct  radiating  surface  ;  from  93^  to  io5T% 
square  feet  of  semi-direct  radiation;  or  from  108  to 
121^  square  feet  of  indirect  radiation. 

The  following  is  also  a  convenient  working  formula 
for  computing  Hot  Water  Radiation  : 

1.  Divide  cubic  feet  of  air  in  room  by  75. 

2.  Add  to  quotient   the    actual  square  feet  of  glass  in 

room,  measuring  between  casings. 

3.  Divide  square  feet   of   exposed   wall  by  10,  if  wall 

is  from  8  inches  to  13  inches  thick  or  by  15  if  wall 
is  more  than  13  inches  in  thickness,  and  add  the 
quotient  to  the  above  sum. 

4.  Multiply  the  sum  total  by  .70  if  for  direct  radiation, 

by  .95  for  semi-direct  radiation  ;  or  by  1.05  for  in- 
direct radiation. 


xxx  HINTS   ABOUT   HEATING 

For  example  :  A  room  10x2x100  feet  is  exposed  on 
two  sides,  has  three  windows  each  3x5  feet,  and  wall  8 
inches  thick.  To  find  radiation  required  : 

10  x  20  x  10=  2,000    cub.     ft.  -4-75     =     26.6 
3  windows  each  3x5  =  45  sq.  ft.  glass  45. 

30  lineal  feet  wall  xio  ft.  in  height=3oo  sq.  ft. 
Less  glass  surface      45. 


255  4-  10  =  25.5 


Total         97.1 

97. ix    .70=    67.9     sq.      feet      direct     radiation 
97.1  x    .95  =    92.2      "         "    semi-direct      " 
97-1  x  1.03  =  101.9      "        "    indirect  " 


(c)  THE  PROPER  SIZE  OF  AIR-DUCTS,  when  indirect 
radiation  is  used.  These  should  be  proportioned  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  purposes  for  which  the  several  rooms 
are  intended  to  be  used.  Rooms  on  the  first  floor  re- 
quire larger  ducts  than  those  located  on  upper  floors, 
as  the  greater  the  vertical  height  of  the  air-duct  the 
greater  will  be  the  velocity  of  the  flow  of  air  through 
the  duct.  For  an  ordinary  living  room,  as  has  been 
said  before,  it  is  sufficient  for  both  heat  and  ventilation 
if  the  warm-air  supply  is  large  enough  in  volume  to 
change  completely  the  air  in  the  room  every  thirty 
minutes.  The  air  in  a  crowded  room,  however,  should 
be  changed  every  fifteen  minutes  ;  the  volume  of  air 
thus  supplied  being  at  a  lower  temperature,  as  previ- 
ously stated.  Elaborate  calculations  as  to  the  volume 
of  fresh  air  required  per  occupant,  in  crowded  rooms, 
are  unnecessary  here  ;  inasmuch  as  there  is  great  dif- 
ference of  opinion  among  competent  authorities  upon 
this  point,  and  as  it  is  practically  impossible  to  change 
the  air  completely,  in  any  large  room,  oftener  than 
once  every  fifteen  minutes  without  forced  ventilation. 


HINTS  ABOUT    HEATING  xxxi 

The  velocity  of  warm  air  in  a  vertical  duct  varies  with 
the  height  of  the  duct,  and  the  difference  between  the 
external  temperature  and  that  of  the  air  in  the  flue. 
For  practical  purposes,  under  average  conditions,  a 
duct  144  square  inches  in  sectional  area  will  deliver 
10,000  cubic  feet  per  hour  to  a  room  on  the  first  floor; 
while  one  of  120  square  inches  sectional  area  will  read- 
ily deliver  the  same  quantity  per  hour  to  the  second 
floor,  and  one  of  96  square  inches  sectional  area  to  the 
third  floor,  of  a  building  of  ordinary  height.  Thus,  if 
a  crowded  room  is  to  be  heated,  having  a  capacity  of 
10,000  cubic  feet,  the  air  in  the  room  should  be  changed 
4  times  per  hour,  and  the  combined  sectional  area  of 
all  hot-air  ducts  leading  to  it  from  indirect  radiators 
should  be  144x4=576  square  inches,  if  the  room  is  on 
the  first  floor  ;  120x4=480  square  inches,  if  on  the 
second  floor  ;  or  96x4=384  square  inches  if  on  the 
third  floor.  If  the  room  is  occupied  simply  for  ordinary 
living  purposes,  one-half  this  flue  area  will  suffice. 
This  simple  formula  will  furnish  a  ready  means  of  cal- 
culating the  sectional  area  of  any  warm  air  ducts,  under 
average  conditions. 

The  cold  air  supply  ducts  should  be  of  not  less  than 
three-fourths  the  area  of  the  exit  or  vent  ducts,  for  the 
reason  that  when  the  full  volume  of  air  is  admitted,  it 
is  but  slightly  heated,  or,  as  heretofore  expressed,  "the 
chill  taken  off."  Mistakes  are  often  made  in  not  mak- 
ing the  fresh  air  supply  to  indirect  radiators  large 
enough.  The  supply  ducts  are  calculated  upon  the 
basis  of  a  quiet  or  still  air,  the  movement  of  the  air  be- 
ing caused  by  the  heat  of  the  furnace.  The  air  can  be 
called  quiet  when  moving  not  over  one  mile  per  hour, 
or  about  i^  feet  per  second,  which  is  called  an 
"imperceptible  breeze" ;  and  this  condition  often  occurs 
in  clear,  cold  weather.  When  the  air  is  still,  all  cold 
air  ducts  should  be  fully  opened.  When  the  wind  is 


xxxii  HINTS   ABOUT    HEATING 

blowing  at  the  rate  of  six  miles  or  upward  per  hour, 
directly  into  the  cold  air  duct,  the  supply  of  air  to  the 
radiators  should  be  regulated  by  means  of  a  properly 
fitted  damper,  which  should  always  be  so  placed  in 
every  cold  air  supply  duct  as  to  be  conveniently  reached. 

(d)  LOCATION  AND  ARRANGEMENT  OF  RADIATORS. 
Direct  radiators  should  be  placed  in,  or  as  near  to,  the 
colder  parts  of  the  room  as  possible.  Semi-direct  radi- 
ators are  preferably  located  next  the  outer  wall,  under 
the  windows,  so  that  fresh  air  can  easily  be  conveyed  to 
them.  Indirect  radiators  should  be  placed  as  near  the 
uptake,  or  vertical  flue,  as  possible.  If  more  than  one 
uptake  is  arranged  from  a  stack  of  indirect  radiators, 
the  stack  should  occupy  a  position  as  nearly  as  possible 
central  between  the  flues,  giving  preference,  however 
to  the  flues  that  are  nearer  the  prevailing  cold  winds; 
it  being  remembered  that  the  tendency  of  air  in  the 
rooms  is  in  the  same  direction  as  on  the  outside,  and 
that  when  a  strong  wind  prevails,  it  is  difficult  to  carry 
the  hot  air  against  the  wind  much  more  than  twelve 
feet  horizontally . 

THIRD,  (a)  THE  ARRANGEMENT  OF  FLOW  PIPES,  &c. 
In  heating  with  hot  water,  it  should  be  carefully  noted, 
that  in  filling  the  apparatus,  from  the  bottom  upward, 
all  the  air  will  pass  out  at  the  highest  points.  There 
should  be  no  air  pockets  whatever  in  the  system.  The 
flow  pipes  should  incline  upwards  from  the  water  heater 
to  the  riser  pipes  or  radiators  on  or  above  the  first  floor; 
and  the  return  pipe  should  incline  downwards,  and  may 
be  carried  underneath  the  floor  level  on  which  the  fur- 
nace is  placed  rising  at  the  furnace  to  the  water  heater. 
For  indirect  or  direct  radiators  that  are  located  on  the 
same  floor  as  the  furnace,  the  flow  connection  pipes 
should  pitch  downward  toward  them,  so  that  the  air 
when  they  are  filled  will  pass  upward  toward  the  higher 
points  to  be  let  off  at  some  higher  radiator  or  riser.  All 


HINTS   ABOUT    HEATING  xxxm 

direct  radiators  above  the  furnace  level  should  have  air 
cocks  at  the  highest  point  of  radiator,  to  relieve  them  of 
air  that  may  accumulate  in  filling  the  apparatus,  or  that 
may  be  freed  from  the  water  afterward.  At  points  at 
which  a  reduction  of  all  the  sizes  of  pipes  occurs,  or 
where  a  larger  pipe  is  reduced  to  a  smaller,  or  where 
branches  are  taken  off  for  radiators  or  risers  above, 
eccentric  tees  should  in  all  cases  be  used  to  leave  the 
pipes  fair  with  each  other  on  the  top,  so  that  no  air  can 
accumulate  at  these  points. 

(b)  SIZES  OF  PIPES.     The   flow  and   return   pipes 
should  be  of  the  same  size.     The  area  of  larger  pipes 
that   supply  smaller  ones  should  equal  the  combined 
area  of  the  smaller  ones.     Connecting  pipes  to  radia- 
tors should  be  as  follows : 

For  50  sq.  ft.  or  less  of  radiating  surface,   ^  in. 

"     50    "     '*    to  80  square  feet i      " 

"     80    "     "    to  150     "         "    i#  " 

From  150  "     "    to  200     "          "    il/2  " 

"     200  "    "    to  350     "         "    2 

Smaller  than  fy  inch  pipes  are  not  advisable,  on 
account  of  their  liability  to  get  clogged  by  sediment. 
In  long  runs  to  radiators,  the  pipes  may  have  to  be  in- 
creased in  size  on  account  of  the  loss  of  speed  to  the 
current  by  the  friction  of  the  water  in  the  pipes. 

(c)  The  expansion    tank    should    be   located  not 
less  than  four  feet  above  the  top  of  the  highest  radiator, 
and  the  supply  pipe  from  the  tank  to  the  heating  appa- 
ratus should  be  preferably  connected  directly  with  the 
water  heater.     It  may,  however,  be   connected  with  a 
return  riser,  upon  which  there  are  no  valves  between 
the  tank    and  the  water  heater.     It  is  well  where  a 
return  riser  is  used  to  connect  the  corresponding  flow 
pipe  riser  to  the  return  riser.     If  a  separate  supply 
from  the  tank  to  the  apparatus  is  used,  the    supply 


xxxiv  HINTS   ABOUT    HEATING 

should  be  connected  to  the  return  pipe  near  the  water 
heater,  and  also  connected  to  the  top  of  the  flow  main 
at  the  ceiling  directly  over  the  furnace.  The  water 
supply  to  the  tank  should  have  a  ball  cock  to  keep  the 
expansion  tank  constantly  filled.  An  overflow  pipe  of 
at  least  four  times  the  area  of  the  tank  supply  should 
be  carried  into  a  water  closet  cistern,  or  to  some  other 
suitable  place  to  discharge  the  surplus  of  water  as  it  is 
expanded  by  the  heat.  It  should  never  be  directly 
connected  with  the  soil  pipes,  as  there  is  no  expansion 
and  contraction  of  the  water  when  the  apparatus  is  not 
in  use,  and  the  water  in  the  trap  would  evaporate  and 
admit  the  sewer  gas  through  the  overflow  pipes.  In 
situations  where  there  is  no  head  of  water  to  reach  the 
expansion  tank,  and  the  apparatus  has  to  be  filled  by 
pump  or  otherwise,  an  expansion  tank  of  sufficient  size 
to  receive  the  whole  expansion  of  the  water  can  be 
used  without  wasting  any  water.  In  such  a  case  the 
tank  should  be  a  little  larger  than  one  twenty-fifth  of 
the  contents  of  the  entire  apparatus,  as  the  water  from 
ordinary  temperatures  heated  to  the  boiling  point  ex- 
pands about  one  gallon  in  twenty-five. 

FOURTH. — The  proper  size  of  the  water  heater  de- 
pends very  much  on  two  factors,  viz:  The  amount  of 
hot  water  radiating  surface,  and  the  amount  of  heat 
required  from  the  hot  air  part  of  the  apparatus.  If 
the  hot  air  furnace  is  small,  a  much  "hotter  fire  "  has 
to  be  carried  to  heat  the  rooms,  and  a  smaller  water 
heater  is  required  than  where  the  furnace  is  large  and 
amply  sufficient  to  heat  the  rooms  with  a  slow  and 
vastly  more  economical  fire.  It  is  well  to  remark  here, 
that  the  main  point  to  be  considered  in  installing  a 
heating  apparatus  is  not  what  it  costs  to  put  in  the  ap- 
paratus, but  what  it  costs  to  run  it. 

A  large  furnace  that  will  not  ordinarily  require 
feeding  more  than  twice  during  the  24  hours  is  much 


HINTS   ABOUT   HEATING  xxxv 

more  economical  in  fuel,  will  last  longer,  require  less 
labor,  and  be  found  altogether  more  healthful  and 
satisfactory  than  a  small  one  which  requires  constant 
attention. 

To  attain  satisfactory  results  from  a  combination 
heating  apparatus,  the  balance  between  the  amount  of 
space  to  be  heated  by  hot  water  and  that  to  be  heated 
by  hot  air  must  be  carefully  observed  when  installing 
the  apparatus.  When  proper  proportions  are  employed, 
the  parts  of  the  building  heated  by  hot  water  will  be 
equally  heated  with  those  parts  that  are  heated  by 
warm  air,  and  there  will  be  no  generation  of  steam  nor 
boiling  of  water  in  the  expansion  tank.  The  following 
table  gives  the  proper  relative  heating  capacities  of  the 
Paragon  Combination  Furnaces,  determined  by  actual 
experience.  It  is  based  upon  direct  radiation,  mains 
being  uncovered.  If  mains  are  covered,  from  15  to  20 
per  cent,  additional  capacity  in  radiation  will  be  gained. 
If  the  radiation  required  in  the  rooms  to  be  heated  by 
hot  water  is  less  than  the  total  amount  given  in  the 
table,  the  proper  balance  should  be  secured  by  placing 
a  radiatof  in  the  hall  of  the  building,  sufficiently  large 
to  make  up  the  full  heating  capacity ;  or  by  putting  a 
radiator  or  two  in  rooms  that  are  also  warmed  by  hot 
air,  and  by  placing  a  large  hot  air  register  in  the  hall, 
which  can  be  opened  should  the  furnace  at  any  time 
appear  to  be  over-heated.  When  good  judgment  is 
exercised  in  these  respects,  a  perfect  balance  is  main- 
tained and  a  thoroughly  equal  temperature  secured  in 
in  all  parts  of  the  building. 


xxxvi  HINTS   ABOUT   HEATING 

PARAGON  COMBINATION  FURNACE 


Size 

Diameter 
of  Fire 
Pot 

Heating 
Capacity 
in  Square 
Feet  of 
Direct 
Radiation 

Heating 
Capacity  in 
Cubic  Feet 
by  Hot  Water 

Heating 
Capacity  in 
Cubic  Feet  by 
Hot  Air  when 
Divided  into 
Rooms  as  in 
Residences 

40  in.  casing 

23  inches 

400 

I2,OOO  to   14,000 

10,000  to  12,000 

44  " 

25       " 

450 

14,000  to   l6,OOO 

12,000  to  15,000 

48  " 

23         " 

525 

16,000  to  22,000 

15,000  to  18,000 

Diameter  of  Flow  Pipe  on  40  and  44  inch  sizes,  2>£  inches. 

"  "       "         "     "   48  inch  size,  3  inches. 

The  return  pipe  or  pipes  should  equal  in  diameter  the  main 
flow  pipes. 

There  should  be  placed  on  the  flow  pipe  near  the 
furnace,  a  thermometer  to  indicate  the  temperature  of 
the  water,  which  should  never  be  above  210° 
Fahrenheit.  At  the  lowest  point  the  return  pipe  should 
have  a  valve  to  draw  the  water  off  the  entire  apparatus 
to  prevent  freezing  should  the  house  be  vacant  in  cold 
weather. 

In  the  latter  part  of  Part  II.  of  this  book,  will  be 
found  cuts  representing  floor  plans  of  a  long  and  narrow 
city  house  heated  by  a  Paragon  Combination  Furnace, 
which  fully  illustrate  the  application  of  the  principles 
that  govern  successful  work  of  this  character. 


PART  TWO 


re 


DMTS  f  ABOUT 

HEATING 


Containing  valuable  suggestions  res- 
pecting hot-air  furnace  work,  together 
with  tables  of  dimensions,  capacities, 
etc.,  prepared  with  especial  reference 
to  the  Paragon  Hot  Air  Furnace 


Part  Two  J*   Third  Edition   Jt   Revised  and  Enlarged 
Philadelphia  and  Baltimore 

ISAAC  A.  SHEPPARD  &  CO 

Mdcccxcviii 


Copyright,  1892 

Copyright,  1897 

Isaac  A.  Sheppard  &  Co. 


Press  of 

Charles  Austin  Bates 
New  York 


INTSAB 


PART  TWO 

THE  former  part  of  this  treatise  deals  with  tech- 
nical matters  referring  to  the  problems  that  are 
involved  in  the  proper  distribution  of  heated 
air,  and  that  are  of  interest  chiefly  to  architects  and 
builders.     Any  one  specially  desirous  of  obtaining  it 
will  receive   a   copy   on   application.      The   following 
pages,  however,  contain   all   that   the   purchaser  of  a 
furnace  specially  needs  to  know. 

Introductory  Remarks 

Without  touching  upon  technicalities,  we  venture 
to  condense  within  a  brief  space  a  few  general  state- 
ments: 

Proper  furnace  heating  is  perfectly  healthful,  safe 
and  economical. 

Its  first  cost  is  less,  its  management  is  more  easy, 
and  its  repair  cost  is  less  than  that  of  heating  by  steam 
or  hot  water. 

A  good  furnace,  properly  installed,  does  not  throw 
out  either  gas  or  dust. 

There  is  no  difficulty  in  evenly  heating  a  building 
by  means  of  hot  air  furnaces,  if  they  are  put  in  by  one 


4  HINTS   ABOUT   HEATING 

who  understands  the  principles  of  heating  by  hot  air, 
and  who  is  adequately  paid.  Good  work  cannot  be  done 
for  a  merely  nominal  sum. 

One  furnace  should  not  be  expected  to  do  the  work 
of  two ;  nor  should  a  small  furnace  be  set  to  do  the  work 
of  a  large  one. 

Hot  air  pipes  and  registers  must  be  of  sufficient 
size  and  judiciously  located. 

A  furnace  cannot  work  without  a  supply  of  pure 
air  at  the  bottom,  any  more  than  a  pump  can  bring 
water  up  from  a  dry  well.  This  air  supply  should  come 
from  outside  the  building. 

Ample  supply  of  warm  air  means  good  ventilation. 
Every  cubic  foot  of  pure  fresh  air  that  enters  a  room 
pushes  a  cubic  foot  of  vitiated  air  out  of  it.  For  this 
reason  avoid  small  furnaces.  Be  sure  that  your  furnace 
is  big  enough. 

Keep  the  water-pan  of  your  furnace  full,  and  you 
will  never  suffer  from  dry,  parched  air.  Neither  will 
your  furniture  shrink  and  crack  because  of  a  deficiency 
of  moisture  in  the  air. 

Use  good  coal,  of  a  suitable  size,  if  you  want  a 
good  fire,  and  plenty  of  warmth.  The  heat  is  not  gen- 
erated by  the  furnace.  No  furnace  can  give  out  more 
than  goes  into  it.  Poor  coal — little  heat. 

A  good  furnace  may  be  badly  managed.  It  has  been 
said  that  the  '  Lord  sends  food,  but  that  cooks  are  often 

sent  by' well,  by  a  very  different  personage.  A 

stupid  servant  may  ruin  a  good  furnace  quite  as  easily 
as  a  good  dinner.  It  pays  to  instruct  servants  in  fur- 
nace management. 

The  Production  of  Heat 

The  problems  that  are  involved  in  the  generation 
of  heat  consist  of  matters  that  relate  to  furnace  connec- 
tions, furnace  construction,  and  furnace  management.  Of 


HINTS  ABOUT   HEATING  5 

these  matters,  every  householder  should  possess  some 
information.  Under  the  head  of  furnace  connections 
the  smoke  pipe  and  chimney  call  for  consideration. 

The  Smoke  Pipe 

This  is  best  made  of  heavy  galvanized  iron,  well 
riveted,  each  section  entering  the  next  by  a  lap  of  not 
less  than  one  and  one-half  inches.  The  size  should  be  the 
same  throughout  as  that  of  the  pipe  collar  of  the  furnace, 
and  it  should  run  as  directly  as  possible  from  furnace  to 
chimney,  with  a  steady  ascent  all  the  way.  Where 
turns  in  the  pipe  are  unavoidable,  three-piece  or  four- 
piece  elbows  should  be  used.  If  the  pipe  is  long  and 
the  cellar  cold,  it  will  be  well  to  wrap  the  pipe  with  as- 
bestos sheathing  to  prevent  loss  of  heat,  which  results 
in  impaired  draft. 

It  is  well  to  rivet  a  flange  or  collar  to  the  pipe 
some  five  inches  from  the  end  that  enters  the  chimney. 
This  will  prevent  the  pipe  from  being  pushed  at 
any  time  too  far  into  the  chimney,  and  will  also 
serve  to  prevent  the  leakage  of  air  into  the  chimney 
around  the  pipe.  The  pipe  hole  in  chimney  should  be 
made  to  fit  the  pipe  neatly.  The  pipe  should  be  se- 
curely wired  to  the  chimney  to  prevent  displacement, 
and  supported  throughout  its  entire  length  by  strong 
wiring  to  joists  at  proper  intervals.  Screw-hooks  are 
better  to  wire  to  than  nails,  and  make  a  neater  finish. 

If  the  smoke  pipe  has  to  pass  through  any  parti- 
tions, double  collars  of  metal  should  be  used  around  it 
with  a  space  of  three  or  four  inches  between  them,  this 
space  being  ventilated  by  ample  perforations.  The 
pipe  should  be  kept  as  far  as  possible  from  any  exposed 
wood  work,  and  the  wood  work  protected  by  asbestos 
sheathing  or  bright  tin,  or  both,  according  to  the  rela- 
tive position  and  nearness  of  the  pipe. 


6  HINTS  ABOUT   HEATING 

The  Chimney 

The  chimney  with  which  a  furnace  is  connected  is 
a  matter  of  great  importance.  * 'Draft,"  as  it  is  called, 
is  a  function  of  the  chimney,  not  of  the  furnace.  The 
upward  movement  of  air  in  the  chimney  is  due  to  the 
difference  in  weight  between  the  warm  air  in  the  chim- 
ney and  the  cold  air  outside.  The  more  nearly  equal 
the  temperature  within  and  without  the  chimney-shaft 
the  weaker  the  "draft;"  and,  vice  versa,  the  greater  the 
difference  of  temperature  the  stronger  the  draft.  The 
longer  the  column  of  air  in  the  chimney,  the  stronger 
will  be  the  draft ;  so  that,  other  things  being  equal,  the 
taller  the  chimney,  the  more  powerful  will  be  the  move- 
ment of  heated  air  within  it.  Leakage  of  air  into  the 
shaft  at  any  point  diminishes  the  upward  pressure ;  and 
if  the  inside  is  rough,  the  draft  will  be  impeded  by  the 
friction  of  the  chimney  walls. 

Poor  chimneys  occasion  much  trouble;  and  the 
difficulties  that  are  due  to  their  imperfect  construction 
are  often  the  source  of  complaints  respecting  the  opera- 
tion of  furnaces.  Chimneys  should  always  be  built  in 
the  inner  walls  of  houses,  where  possible.  If  they  must 
be  built  in  exposed  outer  walls,  let  the  wall  selected  be 
a  south  or  east  wall,  and  not  one  on  the  north  or  west 
side.  The  chimney  should  be  of  adequate  size  for  the 
work  required  of  it,  but  not  too  large.  For  ordinary  pur- 
poses, a  round  flue  of  smooth  terra  cotta  or  tile,  of  8 
inches  inside  diameter,  is  the  best.  A  flue  8  x  8  or  8  x 
12  inches  in  the  clear,  smoothly  pargetted  with  good 
mortar,  however,  will  be  found  to  give  good  results,  if 
of  proper  height. 

Chimneys  should,  if  possible,  be  topped  out  above 
the  highest  point  of  the  roof  of  the  building,  in  order  that 
the  wind,  in  passing  over  the  roof,  may  not  occasion 
downward  currents  in  the  flues  and  impair  or  destroy 


HINTS   ABOUT   HEATING  7 

the  draft.  A  clean-out  door  should  always  be  located 
at  the  base  of  the  chimney ;  and  the  bricklayer  should 
always  leave  the  chimney  clear  of  any  mortar  or  other 
debris. 

If  hot  air  flues  are  built  in  chimney  adjoining  the 
smoke  flue,  they  should  be  well  lined  with  tin,  and  the 
intervening  wall  well  built  and  carefully  pargetted  to 
prevent  leakage  of  gas  into  the  hot  air  flues. 

Before  connecting  a  furnace  with  the  chimney,  the 
chimney  should  be  carefully  examined,  and  cleared  of 
all  accumulation  of  soot  or  other  obstructions,  any 
cracks  in  chimney  stopped,  and  all  unused  pipe  holes 
tightly  closed. 

A  Few  Words  About  Gas 

It  should  always  be  remembered  that  it  is  upon 
the  conditions  of  smoke  pipe  and  chimney  that  freedom 
from  gas  depends.  Combustion  generates  gases  that 
will  find  their  way  out  from  the  furnace  by  the  channel 
that  offers  the  least  resistance.  If  the  draft  of  the  chim- 
ney is  good  and  the  smoke  pipe  unobstructed,  they  will 
readily  pass  out  into  the  chimney.  Under  such  con- 
ditions, the  air  pressure  upon  the  furnace  is  from  with- 
out, inwards;  and  even  if  there  should  be  any  defects  in 
the  joints  of  the  furnace  (a  thing  which  after  long  use 
may  possibly  occur),  air  will  be  carried  through  such  a 
defective  joint,  into  the  furnace,  instead  of  gas  passing 
out  through  it. 

If,  however,  the  outlet  into  the  chimney  be  so 
impeded,  or  the  draft  of  the  chimney  so  defective,  that 
the  gas  finds  less  resistance  in  passing  out  through  the 
joints  of  the  furnace  than  through  the  smoke  pipe  and 
chimney,  it  will  seek  an  outlet  through  the  joints  into 
the  air  chamber;  or,  if  the  furnace  joints  are  absolutely 
gas  tight,  it  will  pass  into  the  cellar  through  the  doors 


8  HINTS  ABOUT   HEATING 

of  the  furnace.  A  good  flue,  ample  connections  and  a 
steady  fire,  afford  the  surest  guarantee  of  freedom  from 
gaseous  products. 

Furnace  Construction 

A  well  constructed  furnace  is  one  that  combines 
simplicity  and  ease  of  management  with  durability, 
freedom  from  gas  and  dust,  and  large  radiating  surface 
in  proportion  to  the  area  of  the  surface  of  the  grate. 
These  essentials  having  been  first  secured,  compactness 
of  form  and  economy  of  first  cost  are  to  be  sought  for.  We 
know  of  no  other  hot  air  furnace  that  so  fully  meets  all 
these  requirements  as  the  PARAGON  FURNACE;  although 
we  also  make  other  excellent  goods  of  this  sort,  which 
maintain  a  deserved  popularity,  and  which  are  fully 
equal  in  efficiency  to  many  furnaces  which  are  erro- 
neously claimed  by  their  manufacturers  to  be  "as  good 
as  the  PARAGON." 

Furnace  Management 

Specific  directions  for  the  successful  use  of  particu- 
lar furnaces  will  be  given  in  their  proper  place.  Some 
general  instructions,  applicable  to  all  alike,  may  be 
given  in  a  few  words. 

The  coal  used  should  be  of  good  quality,  and  not  too 
large.  The  proper  sizes  of  anthracite  coal  are  a  medium 
stove  size,  for  furnaces  of  moderate  capacity,  and  large 
stove  size,  or  "egg  "  coal,  for  furnaces  with  40  inch  casing 
and  upwards.  The  so-called  ''white  ash"  coals  give 
more  heat  than  the  "  red  ash,"  but  require  a  stronger 
draught  for  complete  combustion.  Where  the  draft  is 
good,  the  "white  ash  "  coal  is  to  be  preferred. 

Pea  coal  is  a  size  that  is  sometimes  used.  It  is  not 
what  is  called  a  "  prepared  coal,"  but  it  is  the  largest 
size  sifted  out  of  refuse  coal,  after  the  "prepared  "  sizes, 
the  smallest  of  which  is  "chestnut,"  have  been  picked 


HINTS   ABOUT   HEATING  9 

out.  It  contains  much  small  slate  and  dirt,  and,  unless 
burned  in  a  shallow  fire,  cakes  and  clinkers  badly, 
requiring  frequent  attention,  and  diminishing  the  effect- 
iveness of  the  furnace. 

The  fire  chamber  must  be  kept  clear,  any  accumula- 
tions of  ashes  or  clinker  being  removed  as  fast  as  they 
form.  Ashes  and  clinker  have  no  heating  power. 

"No  heat  without  fuel."  The  fire  chamber  must 
be  kept  full  if  the  house  is  to  be  kept  warm.  A  few 
inches  depth  of  coal  upon  the  grate  is  insufficient. 

A  moderate  but  steady  fire  should  be  kept.  Less 
clinker  will  be  produced,  less  wear  upon  the  furnace 
occasioned,  and  less  coal  consumed  than  by  alternately 
letting  the  fire  burn  violently,  and  then  suddenly  check- 
ing it.  Irregular  firing  burns  out  furnaces  and  wastes 
fuel. 

After  fresh  coal  is  put  on  the  fire,  it  should  always 
be  allowed  to  burn  up  a  little  until  the  fresh  coal  is  heated 
through.  This  prevents. the  chilling  of  the  fire  and 
causes  the  gas  that  arises  from  the  fresh  fuel  to  pass 
freely  into  the  chimney. 

Ashes  should  be  entirely  removed  from  the  ash  pit 
at  least  once  in  every  twenty-four  hours.  Ashes  left  under 
the  grate  impair  the  draft  of  the  furnace,  and  cause  the 
grate  to  burn  out.  It  is  cheaper  to  attend  to  this  than  to 
buy  new  grates. 

Carefully  study  the  varying  draft  of  the  flue  with 
which  the  furnace  is  connected,  and  regulate  the  fur- 
nace in  the  way  which  experience  demonstrates  is  best 
suited  to  the  conditions  under  which  it  operates.  These 
differ  in  almost  every  case,  and  can  be  determined  only 
by  close  observation. 

If  the  house  is  to  be  comfortable  in  the  morning, 
the  furnace  must  be  so  regulated  in  the  evening  as  to 
keep  the  temperature  of  the  first  floor  rooms  from  fall- 
ing too  low  during  the  night. 


10  HINTS   ABOUT   HEATING 

Intelligence,  observation  and  patience  are  necessary 
to  manage  properly  any  form  of  heating  apparatus.  The 
exercise  of  these  qualities  sometimes  fails  in  the  case 
of  servants,  to  whom  the  management  of  furnaces  is 
ordinarily  entrusted.  In  such  instances  some  member 
of  the  family  should  supplement  the  deficiencies  of  the 
person  who  has  the  care  of  the  furnace. 

Importance  of  Proper  Plans 

What  has  been  said  respecting  the  location  of  hot 
air  flues  and  registers,  emphasizes  the  importance  of 
planning  suitable  arrangements  for  the  house-heating 
before  the  house  is  erected.  It  is  not  only  unfair  to  the 
furnace  setter,  but  a  detriment  for  all  time  to  the  occu- 
pants of  the  house,  to  build  it  without  carefully  arranged 
and  suitable  provision  for  a  proper  distribution  of  hot 
air  throughout  the  dwelling.  Many  an  architect,  sound 
as  his  professional  judgment  may  be  regarding  most 
matters,  would  find  it  of  great  advantage  to  submit  his 
plans  for  hot  air  work  to  a  skilled  and  intelligent  fur- 
naceman  before  their  completion.  He  will  then  find 
that  when  the  time  comes  to  set  the  furnace  in  place,  it 
will  not  be  necessary  either  to  put  up  with  unsatisfactory 
results  or  to  make  expensive  and  annoying  alterations 
in  the  building. 

In  cases  in  which  it  is  the  intention  to  specify  fur- 
naces of  our  manufacture  in  new  buildings,  we  shall  be 
glad,  so  far  as  our  engagements  will  permit,  to  confer 
with  architects  or  builders  respecting  these  matters, 
and  to  make  any  suggestion  that  may  aid  them  in 
obtaining  the  best  results. 

False  Economy 

A  word  of  caution  here  to  owners  of  property : 
There  are  all  sorts  and  sizes  of  furnaces,  and  all 
sorts  and  kinds  of  furnace  work.     The  poorest  is  cheap 


HINTS  ABOUT  HEATING  11 

enough.  That  which  is  really  good  cannot  be  had  with- 
out paying  for  it  what  it  is  worth.  The  man  who 
flatters  himself  that  he  is  getting  more  than  what  he  pays 
for  is  grievously  mistaken.  If  the  work  of  setting  a 
furnace  is  slighted,  the  furnace  will  be  overtaxed,  and 
it  will  soon  burn  out.  So  also,  if  the  furnace  be  of  poor 
quality,  or  if  it  be  too  small  to  do  the  work  required 
of  it,  it  will  not  last  long,  and  a  new  one  will  soon  have 
to  be  purchased.  Meanwhile,  the  occupants  of  the 
building  will  be  more  or  less  inconvenienced,  and  per- 
haps injured  in  health.  Such  attempted  saving  is  false 
economy.  To  buy  a  furnace  of  good  quality  and  of  ample 
capacity,  and  to  have  all  the  work  connected  with  it 
properly  arranged  and  put  up  of  good  material,  in  a 
thoroughly  workmanlike  manner,  will  be  found  the  most 
satisfactory,  as  well  as  the  cheapest  plan,  in  the  end. 

What  We  Need  to  Know 

When  we  are  asked  for  information  or  advice 
respecting  furnace  work,  or  the  selection  of  a  furnace, 
the  following  information  should  be  given  us : 

I.   Is  the  building  constructed  of  brick,  stone  or  wood? 
II.  Is  it  one  of  a  block,  or  does  it  stand  alone? 

III.  If  alone,  is  it  much  exposed  ?     Give  particulars. 

IV.  Draw  a  plan,  no  matter  how  rough,  of  the  cellar 

and  of  each  floor  above.  Mark  dimensions  of 
each  room.  State  height  of  ceilings  of  each 
story;  and  the  height  of  cellar  clear  of  joists. 
Mark  location  and  size  of  smoke  flues  and  of 
hot  air  flues;  also  any  open  fire-places,  and  any 
closets  or  recesses  through  which  hot  air  pipes 
may  be  run  if  necessary.  Mark  also  the  loca- 
tion preferred  for  each  register. 


12  HINTS    ABOUT   HEATING 

V.   Mark  the  points  of  the  compass  on  the  plan. 

VI.  If  any  girders  in  cellar,  mark  them  on  plan  and 
state  their  clear  height  above  cellar  floor. 
Mark  also  any  piers  or  other  obstructions  to 
the  run  of  hot  air  pipes  in  cellar. 

VII.  State  whether  there  are  any  objections  or  diffi- 

culties to  interfere  with  digging  a  pit  in  cellar 
to  lower  the  furnace,  if  necessary  to  do  so,  in 
order  to  give  a  better  elevation  to  the  hot  air 
pipes. 

VIII.  Mark  on  the  plan  the  cellar  window  or  other 

opening  through  which  the  cold  air  supply  is  to 
be  taken.  Remember  that  this  should  be  on 
north  or  west  side  of  building. 

IX.  If  a  church  or  other  public  building,  mark  on  plan 
the  location  of  doors,  windows,  vestibules,  aisles, 
pulpit,  etc.,  also  ventilating  flues,  if  any.  Also 
state  whether  there  are  any  open  spaces  under 
pews  for  circulation  of  air. 

X.  State  whether  the  building  is  still  to  be  con- 
structed, or  whether  it  has  already  been  com- 
pleted. 

NOTE.— If  the  building  has  not  yet  been  erected,  the  details  of  heat- 
ing plan  should  be  settled  without  delay,  in  order  that  suitable  provision  for 
a  good  job  of  work  may  be  made  as  the  structure  is  built.  Proper  plans 
insure  the  comfort  of  the  occupants,  as  well  as  economy  of  fuel  and  dura- 
bility of  heating  apparatus. 

We  Furnish  Blanks 

We  gladly  furnish  blanks  on  application,  upon 
which  plans  may  be  sketched  and  necessary  questions 
answered.  When  such  a  blank  is  filled  up  and  mailed 
to  us,  the  sender  may  rely  upon  receiving  prompt  and 
accurate  information.  We  make  no  charge  for  such 
service. 


PARAGON    HOT    AIR    FURNACES 

WITH  EQUALIZED  DRAFT 
Patented  August  5,  1890    ^    Improved  J897 


Cut  shows  Finished  Furnace  with  Draw  Centre  Grate  and  Water 

Pan  at  Side  ^   Made  also  with  Water  Pan  in 

front,  as  shown  on  following  pages 


ISAAC  A.  SHEPPARD  &  CO., 

Patentees  and  Manufacturers 

Fourth  St.  and  Montgomery  Ave.         Eastern  Ave.  and  Chester  St« 
Philadelphia,  Pa.  Baltimore,  Md. 


14  HINTS  ABOUT   HEATING 

Paragon  Hot  Air  Furnaces 
With  Equalized  Draft 

Patented  August  5,  1890.    Improved  1897. 

These  furnaces  embody  the  latest  and  most  desir- 
able improvements  that  modern  ingenuity  has  suggested. 
Since  the  patent  upon  this  construction,  embracing  five 
distinct  specifications,  was  granted,  the  PARAGON  FUR- 
NACE has  attracted  an  unusual  amount  of  attention  and 
has  attained  conspicuous  success.  The  characteristic 
features  of  the  PARAGON  FURNACE  will  be  seen  upon 
examining  the  engravings  upon  the  pages  that  follow. 
Much  has  been  done  during  the  seven  years  in  which 
the  PARAGON  has  won  its  way  to  the  very  front  rank,  to 
perfect  details  of  construction  and  to  adapt  it  to  every 
possible  use  to  which  a  hot  air  furnace  may  properly 
be  put,  as  well  as  to  add  beauty  of  form  and  design  to 
the  structure ;  but  the  great  principle  of  the  "EQUALIZED 
DRAFT"  has  not  been  improved  upon,  nor  is  it  easy  to 
see  how  it  can  be. 

What  is  Meant  by  "Equalized  Draft " 

When  we  say  that  PARAGON  FURNACES  have  a 
"perfectly  equalized  draft,"  we  mean  that  in  this 
furnace  is  embodied,  for  the  first  time,  the  principle  of 
compelling  the  draft  to  pass  through  the  whole  mass  of 
fuel  with  equal  force  at  all  points,  the  combustion  being 
absolutely  even  at  all  parts  of  the  fire  pot,  from  centre 
to  circumference.  The  products  of  combustion  divide 
into  two  currents,  one  passing  outward  into  the  outer 
drum,  and  the  other  upward  through  the  inner  drum 
into  the  upper  radiator,  and  thence  through  the  con- 
necting arms  into  the  outer  drum,  where  both  currents 
unite,  and  pass  together  through  the  smoke  outlet, 
where  the  check  draft  regulates  perfectly  the  draft  of 


HINTS   ABOUT, HEATING  15 

the  chimney.  The  equalized  draft  is  the  cause  of  the 
large  saving  of  fuel  effected  by  the  PARAGON,  as 
compared  with  all  other  furnaces.  It  also  results  in 
leaving  but  a  small  residue  of  ashes,  the  fuel  value 
of  the  combustible  being  perfectly  utilized.  The 
inner  drum  has  a  constant  current  of  heat  through  it, 
which  no  other  three-drum  furnace  admits  of,  the  live 
heat  in  this  drum  being  especially  effective;  and  the 
wear  upon  all  the  drum  casings  is  equally  distributed, 
increasing  their  durability. 


Beauty  of  Design 

After  the  first  cost  of  the  pattern  has  been  borne, 
it  is  just  as  easy  to  make  an  artistic  casting  as  to  make 
an  ugly  one.     The  design  of  the  PARAGON  FURNACE 
front  is  the  work  of  an  accomplished 
sculptor.     The  accompanying  il- 
lustration  of  the   hand-door 
in   the    upper    front    gives    a 
taste  of  its  quality.   The 
manufacturers    have 
spent     money     to 
beautify  the  exterior 
of   the   PARAGON,   be- 
cause   they   believe  the 
excellence  of  its   interior  construction 
deserves  a  handsome  dress.     They  thus  set  up  a  high 
standard  of  finish  before  the  artisans  in  their  employ ; 
and   the  result  is  that  the  workmen  take  more  pride 
in  their  work,  and  try  to  bring  all  parts  of  the  furnace 
to   a   more    careful    fit    and    finish.       The     PARAGON 
FURNACE  is  to-day  the  most  perfect   example  of  the 
furnace-moulder's    skill  that  can  be  found  anywhere. 
The  PARAGON  FURNACES  are  made  in  a  variety  of 


16  HINTS  ABOUT   HEATING 

forms,  and  in  several  sizes,  adapting  them  to  the 
requirements  of  different  localities,  and  the  taste  and 
needs  of  different  purchasers,  namely : 

With  Sheet  Steel  Radiator 
Six  sizes  portable  form ;  Three  sizes  brick  set  form. 

With  Cast  Iron  Radiator 

Six  sizes  portable  form ;  Three  sizes  brick  set  form. 

Combination  (Hot  Water  and  Hot  Air) 
Three  sizes  portable  form;  Three  sizes  brick  set  form. 

With  Sheet  Steel  Radiator- 
SIX  SIZES: 

No.  328-A.     With  High  Front;  Diameter  of   Outer  Casing,    28 

inches;  Diameter  of  Fire  Pot,  16  inches. 
No.  333-A.     With   High  Front;    Diameter  of  Outer  Casing,    33 

inches;  Diameter  of  Fire  Pot,  19  inches. 
No.  336-A.     With  High  Front;  Diameter   of    Outer  Casing,    36 

inches;  Diameter  of  Fire  Pot,  21  inches. 
No.  340-A.     With  High  Front;  Diameter    of    Outer  Casing,  40 

inches;  Diameter  of  Fire  Pot,  23  inches. 
No.  344-A.     With  High  Front;  Diameter   of    Outer   Casing,  44 

inches;  Diameter  of  Fire  Pot,  25  inches. 
No.  348-A.     With  High  Front;  Diameter    of   Outer    Casing,  48 

inches;  Diameter  of  Fire  Pot,  28  inches. 

Constructive  Features  of  Steel  Plate  Furnaces 

Upon  a  strong  and  roomy  ash  pit  is  placed  a  heavy, 
corrugated  fire  pot,  the  joint  being  arranged  to  pack 
with  sand  or  cement,  to  make  it  perfectly  gas  tight. 
The  fire  pot  is  surmounted  by  a  heavy  casting  known  as 
the  lower  radiator,  which  is  cast  in  one  piece.  This  is 
carefully  proportioned  in  thickness,  and  strengthened 
throughout  by  corrugation,  to  prevent  cracking  by 
fire.  The  joint  between  the  lower  radiator  and  the 
fire  pot  is  also  a  sand  joint. 

Three  heavy  steel  plate  drum-casings  are  accurately 
fitted  to  flanges  cast  upon  the  upper  surface  of  the  lower 
radiator. 


PARAGON  HOT  AIR  FURNACES 

For  Hard  Coal 
With  Equalized  Draft   J*   Patented  August  5,  1890   Jk  Improved  J897 

WITH  STEEL  RADIATOR 


Cut  shows  Furnace  without   Casings,  with  Draw-Centre  Grate   and 
Water  Pan  in  Front 


18 


HINTS   ABOUT   HEATING 


m^ 


TOP  VIEW  OF  LOWER  RADIATOR 


The  upper  edges  of  these  drum-casings  are  securely 
adjusted    to  the  flanges  of  an  upper  radiator,   which, 
like   the   lower   radiator,    is   cast   in  one 
piece.     The  illustration  shows  the 
three  channels  of  communication 
between    the    inner    and    the 
outer  drum;  also  the  central 
check,  which  is  cone-shaped 
on    the    upper    side,    and 
which  equalizes  the  draft 
through   the   inner  drum. 
The  draft  through  the  outer 
drum  is  equalized  by  means 
of  a  graduated  Ring  Check. 

The   inner   drum  casing  forms   a    central    smoke 
chamber,  an  outer  smoke  chamber  being  afforded  by 
the  space   between   the   middle   and   the  outer   drum 
casing.     These  two  smoke  chambers  communicate  freely 
with  each  other  and  with  the  fire  pot,  and  are  perfectly  self- 
deaning.       The    passage     of    the 
draft   through   them    is    care- 
fully regulated  by  self-cleaning 
checks,  so  proportioned  as 
to  obtain  a  perfectly  equal- 
ized draft  and  a  uniform 
distribution   of   heat    over 
the  entire  radiating  surface 
of  the  drums. 

Between  the  central  and 
the  outer  smoke  chamber   is 
an  annular  hot  air  space,  to  which 
the    air    to    be     heated     passes 
freely  through  inclined  passages 

formed  in  the  lower  radiator.  The  feed  door  neck 
is  cast  in  one  piece  with  the  lower  radiator,  and 
also  communicates  with  the  outer  smoke  chamber, 


BOTTOM  VIEW  OF  UPPER 
RADIATOR 


HINTS   ABOUT    HEATING 


19 


whereby    any   possibility   of    flame    being    blown    out 
through  the  feed  door  is  avoided.     The  Base  Section 
of    the    PARAGON    FURNACE   is 
round  in  form.     Cold 
air  may  be  intro- 
duced at  the  sides, 
back,  or  from  be- 
neath   the   furnace,   at 
pleasure.     The  cold  air 
openings  in  the  base  are 
provided     with    removable 
panels,  which  may  be  either  open 
or  close,  as  ordered.     The  ash  pit 
door   is    so    arranged    that   the 
draft     may    be    regulated     by 
either   a   ratchet    or    a    chain. 


FINISHED  STEEL  RADIATOR 

TOP  VIEW.     (SHOWING 
ANNULAR  HOT-AIR  SPACE.) 


Points  of  Advantage 

"  PARAGON  STEEL-PLATE  FURNACES  "  possess  three 
essential  points  of   advantage: 

i.     The  inner  and  outer  Combustion  Cham- 
bers    communicate     with      each 
other   in   such   a   way    that    all 
the  Radiating  Surfaces  of  both 
Combustion     Chambers 
are    equally    heated. 
2.     Both   Combus- 
tion Chambers  are 
absolutely   self- 
cleaning. 

3.     Both   the   upper 
and  lower  Radiator  Cast- 
ings are  made  in  one  piece. 
When   any  one  offers  you  a 

FINISHED  STEEL  RADIATOR       .-,  j  -r»  •  j    ^ 

BOTTOM  VIEW.  (SHOWING      three-drum  Furnace  said  to  be 

FEED    DOOR    NECK    AND  i  *.i_        T»  » 

DUST  FLUE  OPENING.)  as    good     as     the     PARAGON, 


PARAGON  HOT  AIR  FURNACES 

For  Hard  or  Soft  Coal 

With  Equalized  Draft  &  Improved  January  2,  J895  <£  Improved  J897 
WITH    CAST   RADIATOR 


Cut  shows  Furnace  without  Casings,  with  Draw-Centre  Grate  and 
Water  Pan  in  Front 


HINTS   ABOUT   HEATING  21 

look  for  yourself,  and  see  whether  these  points  are 
met  in  its  construction.  To  experienced  Furnace- 
setters,  we  do  not  need  to  say  that  there  is  no  other 
three-drum  furnace  made  that  embraces  the  three  points 
above  named  in  its  construction.  It  has  long  been 
conceded  that  a  perfect  three-drum  furnace  must 
possess  these  requisites;  but  until  the  problem  was 
solved  in  the  PARAGON  FURNACE,  manufacturers 
thought  that  it  was  a  practical  impossibility  to  com- 
bine them.  The  successful  accomplishment  of  this 
feat  has  placed  the  PARAGON  at  the  head  of  all 
furnaces  of  this  class. 

With  Cast  Radiator 
SIX  SIZES: 

No.  428-A.  With  High  Front  ;    Diameter   of  Outer  Casing,  28 

inches;  Diameter  of  Fire  Pot,  16  inches. 

No.  433-A.  With  High  Front  ;  Diameter  of  Outer  Casing,  33 

inches;  Diameter  of  Fire  Pot,  19  inches. 

No.  436-A.  With  High  Front  ;  Diameter  of  Outer  Casing,  36 

inches;  Diameter  of  Fire  Pot,  21  inches. 

No.  440-A.  With  High  Front  ;  Diameter  of  Outer  Casing,  40 

inches;  Diameter  of  Fire  Pot,  23  inches. 

No.  444-A.  With  High  Front  ;  Diameter  of  Outer  Casing,  44 

inches;  Diameter  of  Fire  Pot,  25  inches. 

No.  448-A.  With  High  Front  ;  Diameter  of  Outer  Casing,  48 

inches;  Diameter  of  Fire  Pot,  28  inches. 

Points  of  Advantage 

''PARAGON  CAST  RADIATOR  FURNACES"  embody 
the  same  advantages,  in  all  essential  particulars,  that 
are  possessed  by  the  Steel-Plate  Furnaces,  especially  in 
the  equalization  of  the  draft  and  the  perfect  utilization 
of  fuel.  When  used  with  hard  coal,  these  Furnaces 
are  perfectly  self-cleaning.  When  used  with  soft 
coal,  they  can  be  easily  cleaned,  when  necessary, 
ample  facilities  being  provided  for  the  purpose. 


22  HINTS   ABOUT   HEATING 

Constructive  Features  of  Cast  Radiator  Furnaces 

The  lower  Radiator,  which  rests  directly  upon  the 
Fire  Pot,  is  cast  in  one  piece  with  the  Feed  Door  Neck. 
The   part    directly    over    fire   is   strongly    cor- 
rugated, strengthening  the  radiator,  as  well 
as  increasing   its  heating   capacity. 
The   inner    smoke   chamber    is    a 
-'-  cast  iron  cylinder  that  fits  over 

the     central    opening    in 
lower  Radiator. 

The   outer   smoke 
chamber     is     formed 
by  a  middle  Radiator, 
a  five-armed  casting 
resting  upon  the  lower 
Radiator.     The  two  upright 
AND  CUP  JOINTS.)  check-plates  and  the  middle 

cone-check  shown  in  the  il- 

lustration  perfectly   equalize   the    draft   in   this  form 
of  the   PARAGON  FUR::ACE. 

All   smoke    currents    meet    in  the    top    Radiator 
smoke-channels,  and  pass  together  to  the  smoke  outelet. 
All    joints    are    deep    cup 
joints,     and    are    solidly 
packed     with     asbestos 
cement  when  the  furnace 
is  erected,  making  it  ab- 
solutely gas-tight.     The 
illustration  shows  the  cast  'Mmf 

Radiator  complete,  a  mas-  mjr 

sive  and  substantial  construction. 
While   it   was   originally    designed 


fnr     I-IQ^     with     «:r»ft     rnal      it     i«;          MIDDLE  RADIATOR  SHOWN 

tor   use   witn    sort    coai,   n    is  IN  POSITION  OVFR 

rapidly   gaining    favor    among  LOWER  RADIATOR 

those  who  use  hard  coal  or  coke  as  fuel.      The  castings 


HINTS   ABOUT   HEATING 


23 


manifest  astonishing  durability.  Some  of  the  chief 
merits  of  the  PARAGON  FURNACES  are  enumerated 
in  the  pages  that  follow. 

Great  Radiating  Power 

THE  PARAGON  FURNACE  possesses  the  largest  radi- 
ating  surface   in    proportion    to 
grate  surface,  of  any  three- 
drum    furnace    yet    made. 
The  equalized  draft  renders 
every  square  inch  of   this  sur- 
face equally  effective.     The  result 
is   three-fold :  —  an    ample   and 
constant  supply  of  warm  air ;  equal 
wear  upon  all  parts  of  the  furnace; 
and   perfect  utilization  of   the   heat 
of   the   fuel.        This   means   superior 
economy,  efficiency  and  durability. 


TOP  RADIATOR 
(BOTTOM  VIEW) 


CAST  RADIATOR  COMPLETE 
(SHOWING  FRONT  CLEAN-OUT) 


No  Heat  Lost  in  Cellar 

THE  PARAGON  FURNACE  is  double  cased 
**~.  throughout,  the  air  space  between 

the    casings    serving    as    a 
non-conducting     chamber, 
preventing  loss  of  heat  and 
increasing  the  efficiency 
of  the  furnace.     What 
is  desired  is  to  heat  the 
house,    and    not   the   cellar. 
This   the    PARAGON   ac- 
complishes. 


I 


Effective  Ventilation  Secured 

The  ample  provision  made  in  the  structure  of  the 
PARAGON  for  the  admission  of  air,  and  for  its  rapid  dis- 
tribution in  large  volumes  over  the  heating  surfaces, 


34  HINTS   ABOUT    HEATING 

ensures  adequate  ventilation.  It  brings  about  a  con- 
stant influx  of  pure  warm  air  into  the  rooms  to  be 
heated,  which  continually  displaces  an  equal  amount  of 
vitiated  air,  and  establishes  the  claim  of  the  PARAGON 
to  be  regarded  as  an  effective  ventilating  apparatus. 

No  Dry,  Parched  Air,  but  Pleasant  Warmth 

A  large  water  pan  is  provided  at  the  front  of  the 
furnace  just  where  it  can  most  easily  be  examined  and 
most  conveniently  filled.  Constant  evaporation  from 
the  surface  of  the  water  contained  therein  furnishes  the 
needed  moisture.  The  water  pan  is  protected  from 
undue  heat  by  interposing  the  dust  flue  between  it  and 
the  fire  pot;  while  the  liability  of  the  fire  pot  to  burn 
out  in  front,  where  very  little  air  comes  into  contact 
with  it,  is  diminished  by  placing  the  water  pan  at  that 
point. 

Perfect  Combustion 

The  construction  of  the  PARAGON  FURNACE,  although 
so  simple  that  it  can  be  understood  by  a  child,  is  never- 
theless unsurpassed  in  securing  perfect  combustion. 
The  draft  is  always  direct,  and  perfectly  equalized 
throughout.  The  fire  can  be  kindled  in  about  half  the 
time  required  by  other  three-drum  furnaces.  The 
combustion  will  be  found  perfectly  equal  throughout  the 
whole  mass  of  fuel.  This  results  in  comparative  free- 
dom from  clinker,  and  in  thorough  utilization  of  the 
fuel.  A  large  amount  of  heat — a  small  residue  of  ashes 
and  clinker  —  these  are  the  results  attained  by  the 
PARAGON  FURNACE. 

Ease  of  Management 

The  draft  is  regulated  by  raising  or  lowering  the 
drop  shutter  in  the  ash  pit  door,  and  by  closing  or 
opening  the  Draft  Check  at  the  back  of  the  furnace. 


HINTS   ABOUT   HEATING 


25 


PARAGON  DRAFT  CHECK 


Both  of  these  are  held  at  any  desired  point  by  means 

of  a   ratchet;  or  if  preferred,  they  may  be  connected 

with    a   chain,   and  thereby  operated    from  the  room 

above.     In    the    PARAGON 

with    Draw-Centre  Grate, 

the  whole  surface  of  the 

grate  is  exposed  to  view 

upon  opening  the  sliding  fire 

doors.      By  means  of  the 

poker,  clinker  can  be  easily 

removed  from  any  part  of 

the  fire,  and  dropped  through 

the  centre  of  grate  into  the  ash  pit. 

The   grate,    in    the   larger   sizes, 

is  hung  upon  ball  bearings   and 

connected  with  a  lever  shaker.     A  person  can  operate 

this  without  stooping;    and  its  action  is  so  easy  that 

a  child  can  thoroughly  shake  the  grate  of  the  largest 

furnace.      The  purchaser  of  the  PARAGON  has  also  the 

choice  of  an  improved  form  of  Triple  X  Grate,  upon 

which   a   patent   has  been   granted.        Both   of   these 

grates  may  be  easily  removed  and  replaced,  as  shown 

in  the  accompanying  illustrations. 

Paragon  Draw-Centre  Grate 

With  Ball  Bearings 

The  illustration  shows  the  ease  with  which  the 

removal  of  this  grate 
is  accomplished.  All 
clinker  is  driven  to 
the  centre  of  this 
grate.  The  connect- 
ing bar  is  lifted  out 
of  its  socket  in  up- 
right lever,  and  at 


26  HINTS   ABOUT   HEATING 

once  becomes  a  handle  with  which  to  pull  out  the 
centre-draw.  All  sizes  above  33  inches  have  ball 
bearing's. 

Paragon  Triplex  Grate 

Patented  October  J,  1895 

Operates   by   means  of   upright   lever.      When 

the  connecting  bar  is 
placed  in  the  inner 
notch,  the  grate  is 
shaken  like  an  agit- 
ating grate. 

1  When  the  bar  is 
placed   in   the   outer 
notch,  the  grate  acts 
as    a    triplex    grate, 
turning  over  at  each  movement  of   the  lever. 

Superior  Cleanliness 

The  ash  pit  of  the  PARAGON  is  capacious,  and  the 
ash  pit  door  both  wide  and  deep,  affording  every  facility 
for  the  easy  removal  of  ashes.  A  dust  flue,  placed  at 
the  front  where  it  is  needed  (not  at  the  back  of  the  ash 
pit  where  it  is  liable  soon  to  be  choked  up  with  refuse, 
and  rendered  useless),  protects  the  operator  from  an- 
noyance. As  has  before  been  said,  the  drums  are  self- 
cleaning  throughout,  and  require  no  attention. 

Freedom  from  Gas 

The  PARAGON  FURNACE  is  in  this  respect  faultless. 
Its  superiority  in  construction  will  be  manifest  to  any 
one  who  will  examine  competing  furnaces.  In  the 
Paragon  Furnace  the  lower  radiator  (sometimes  called 
the  "crab,")  is  made  in  one  piece •, — absolutely  jointless. 

In  all  other  furnaces  of  this  class,   this   "crab"  is 


HINTS  ABOUT   HEATING  27 

usually  made  in  three  parts,  never  less  than  two.  These 
parts,  owing  to  their  peculiar  formation,  expand  and 
contract  irregularly,  becoming  warped  and  distorted, 
and  opening  the  joints  between  them  at  the  very  points 
at  which  gas  and  smoke  are  most  liable  to  escape  into 
the  hot  air  chamber.  No  matter  how  carefully  made 
and  tightly  cemented  these  joints  at  first  may  be,  it  is 
absolutely  impossible  to  keep  them  tight  in  actual  use. 
In  such  constructions,  leakage  of  gas  is  unavoidable.  In 
the  Paragon  lower  radiator,  it  is  impossible. 

The  upper  radiator  of  the  PARAGON  is  also  made  in 
one  piece;  and  all  joints  are  so  formed  that  they  can  be 
packed  gas  tight  with  asbestos  cement. 

Adaptability 

Either  hard  or  soft  coal  or  coke  can  be  employed 
with  satisfaction  in  the  PARAGON  FURNACE.  No  furnace 
now  on  the  market  can  more  successfully  meet  the 
varied  requirements  of  different  sections. 

Superior  Durability 

Every  part  of  the  PARAGON  FURNACE  is  skilfully 
proportioned  in  thickness  to  the  amount  of  strain  that 
it  is  required  to  endure.  Not  only  is  the  Paragon 
heavier  than  other  furnaces,  but  the  extra  weight  of 
metal  is  placed  where  it  will  do  the  most  good.  The  steel 
drums  are  extra  heavy,  with  double  riveted  seams.  The 
fire  pot  and  lower  radiator  are  corrugated  throughout. 
This  formation  not  only  largely  increases  the  radiating 
surface,  but  also  reduces  to  a  minimum  the  risk  of 
cracking  by  fire. 

In  these,  as  in  all  other  respects,  a  careful  com- 
parison of  the  PARAGON  with  all  other  furnaces  is 
invited.  The  PARAGON  is  no  imitation  of  previous 
structures ;  but  in  merit  as  in  originality,  it  leads  them  all. 


PARAGON    COMBINATION    FURNACES 

Hot  Water  and  Hot  Air 
WITH  EITHER  STEEL  OR  CAST  RADIATOR 


CHECK 


Paragon  Combination,  with  Cast  Radiator 

Made  also  with  Steel  Radiator 
Cttt  shows  Improved  Triplex  Grate  with  Lever  Shaker 

Three  Sizes : 
"With  either  Steel  or  Cast  Radiator:  40  inch;  44  inch?  48  inch 


HINTS   ABOUT   HEATING 


29 


Paragon  Combination  Furnace 

A  very  efficient  heating  apparatus,  enabling  distant 
rooms  to  be  thoroughly  heated,  that  could  not  be 
reached  from  an  ordinary  hot-air  furnace.  This  mode 
of  heating  also  affords  better  ventilation  through  its 
direct  warm-air  supply  than  an  ordinary  hot-water 
apparatus. 

Paragon  Water  Heater 

The  cut  shows 
in  detail  the  water 
heater  used  in  all  our 
Combination  Fur- 
naces. It  is  highly 
efficient.  The  return 
pipe  may  enter  on 
either  side ;  or  two  re- 
turns may  be  used. 

Persons  who  are 
thinking  of  installing 
a  Paragon  Combin- 
ation Furnace  should  write  directly  to  us.  We 
will  furnish  blanks,  asking  certain  particulars,  upon 
answer  to  which,  we  shall  gladly  give  such  information 
as  will  enable  the  work  to  be  properly  done  by  any 
suitably  qualified  mechanic.  We  make  no  charge  for 
such  service. 

Paragon  Brick-Set  Furnaces 

With  Either  Steel  or  Cast  Radiator 

Some  of  the  advantages  of  the  PARAGON  BRICK- 
SET  FURNACES  are: 

i.  The  front  is  both  higher  and  wider  than  the  fur- 
nace itself,  and  the  latter  can  easily  be  removed  through 
the  front  opening  without  disturbing  the  brickwork. 


PARAGON    BRICK-SET    FURNACES 

With  Equalized  Draft  Patented  August  5,  1890 

WITH  EITHER  STEEL  OR  CAST  RADIATOR 


Paragon  Brick-Set  Furnace  £  Front  View 

With  either  Cast  or  Steel  Radiator 
Cut  shows  Furnace  with  Draw-Centre  Grate 


PARAGON    BRICK-SET    FURNACES 

With  Equalized  Draft  Patented  August  5,  1890 

WITH  EITHER  STEEL  OR  CAST  RADIATOR 


Paragon  Brick-Set,  with  Cast  Radiator  **  Side  View 

Made  also  with  Wrought-Steel   Radiator 

Cut  shows  Furnace  with  Adjustable  Cast-Iron  Elbow 


32 


HINTS  ABOUT   HEATING 


2.  The  front  is  in  three  parts,  each  of  which  is 
easily  removed  to  inspect  the  interior  brick  chamber. 
No  man-hole  door  is  required  with  this  furnace. 


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HINTS  ABOUT  HEATING  33 

3.  Grates    are    easily   removed;    and   all   grates, 
whether  draw-centre  or  triplex,  are  operated  by  a  lever 
shaker. 

4.  The  interior  construction  is  the  same  as  in  the 
portable  forms  of   the  PARAGON    FURNACE.      Nothing 
better  has  ever  been  devised. 

5.  If  the  water  pan  in  front  is  not  desired,  a  fret- 
work door  will  be  fitted  in  its  place,   as  shown  in  cut 
on  page  30,  and  a  different  water  pan  substituted  for  it, 
which  can  be  walled  up  in  any  part  of  the  brickwork 
where  the  dealer  prefers  to  place  it. 

Unless  otherwise  specified,  these  furnaces  will 
always  be  shipped  with  water  pan  in  front,  and  with 
ball-bearing  draw-centre  grate.  Made  in  three  sizes, 
Nos.  540,  544  and  548,  with  steel  radiator ;  and  Nos.  640 
644  and  648,  with  cast  radiator.  Also  with  combination 
hot-water  attachment  for  any  size  named  above. 

Particular  attention  is  called  to  the  fact  that  to  get 
the  best  results  from  any  furnace,  the  cold-air  supply 
should  be  taken  from  outside  of  the  building ;  and  that 
the  cold  air  duct  should  be  of  full  size  indicated  in  the 
above  tables  until  it  reaches  the  furnace,  where  if  it 
does  not  enter  a  pit  beneath  the  furnace,  it  should  be 
divided  into  two  branches,  each  the  full  size  of  the  cold 
air  opening  in  the  base  of  the  furnace,  and  so  carried 
around  to  each  side  of  the  furnace. 

Instructions  for  Use  of  "  Table  C" 

To  find  size  of  furnace  or  furnaces  best  adapted  to 
any  building,  ascertain  the  contents  of  building  in 
cubic  feet,  the  number  of  square  feet  of  exposed  wall 
surface,  and  the  number  of  square  feet  of  glass  in  win- 
dows. Then  calculate  by  the  following  rule : 

RULE — i.     Multiply  the  cubic  feet  of  contents  by 


34  HINTS   ABOUT   HEATING 

Index  of  Heating  Capacities.     Table  C 

Copyright  1892,  1895  and  1897 
(FOR  INSTRUCTIONS  SEE  PAGES  33  AND  34) 

Paragon  Hot-Air  Furnaces 

SIZES  (ANY   STYLE) 


28  inch 

33  inch 

36  inch 

40  inch 

44  inch 

48  inch 

32 

37 

45 

53 

61 

74 

33 

38 

46 

54 

62 

75 

34 

39 

46 

55 

63 

76 

35 

40 

47 

56 

64 

77 

36 

4i 

49 

57 

65 

78 

37 

42 

50 

58 

66 

79 

38 

43 

5i 

59 

67 

80 

39 

44 

52 

60 

68 

81 

40 

45 

53 

61 

69 

82 

4i 

46 

54 

62 

70 

83 

42 

47 

55 

63 

71 

84 

«8 

56 

64 

72 

85 

49 

65 

73 

86 

74 

87 

75 

88 

76 

77 

T8o,  the  square  feet  of  exposed  wall  by  4,  and  the  square 
feet  of  glass  by  40,  and  add  together  the  several 
products. 

2.  Divide  the  sum  by  600,  if  the  space  in  building 
is  divided  into  rooms  as  in  a  residence;  or  by  800,  if  the 
space  is  undivided,  as  in  a  church  or  store. 

3.  Look  in  Table  C  for  the  quotient  thus  arrived 
at.     The   furnace   indicated   in  the  column   in  which 
such  number  is  found,    is   the  furnace   to  be  recom- 
mended for  the  building  in  question. 

NOTE. — If  the  quotient  number  be  found  in  more 
than  one  column,  it  indicates  that  either  furnace  indicated 
will  do  the  work.  The  larger  of  the  two  is,  however, 
to  be  preferred,  as  being  the  more  durable. 


HINTS  ABOUT   HEATING  35 

NOTE. — If  the  quotient  number  be  higher  than  the 
highest  number  in  Table  C,  two  or  more  furnaces  will  be 
required,  of  such  sizes  as  are  indicated  by  the  highest 
component  numbers  of  the  quotient  number  that  appear  in 
the  table. 

EXAMPLES. — i.     A  residence  has  13,000  cubic  feet 
of  space,   840  square  feet  of  exposed 
wall,    and    230   square  feet  of  glass. 
Find  size  of  suitable  furnace. 
13,000  x  T\  =  i°,4°° 
840  x     4=    3,360 
230  x  40  =    9,200 


22,960—7-600=38  + 
Quotient. 

In  Table  C  the  quotient  number  38  is  found  both 
in  the  column  headed  ''28-inch  size,"  and  in  that  headed 
' '  33-inch  size. "  This  indicates  that  while  the  28-inch  size 
will  do  the  work,  the  33-inch  size  is  preferable. 

2.  A  residence  has  31,200  cubic  feet  of  space, 
1,425  square  feet  exposed  wall,  and  340  square  feet  glass. 
Find  suitable  furnace  or  furnaces. 

31,200  x  T8d=  24  96° 

1,425  x    4=    5,700 

340  x  40=  i3>6°° 


44,260  -f-  600=  73  + 

Quotient. 

The  quotient  number  appears  in  column  headed 
"  44-inch  size. "  The  component  numbers  33  and  40, 
the  sum  of  which  equals  73,  appear  in  columns  headed 
respectively  "  28-inch  "  and  "  33 -inch"  sizes.  There- 
fore, you  may  use  either  one  44-inch  PARAGON,  or  if  two 
furnaces  can  more  conveniently  be  employed,  one  28- 
inch  and  one  33-inch  PARAGON  instead. 


36  HINTS   ABOUT   HEATING 

3.  A  church  has  143,000  cubic  feet  space,  5,600 
square  feet  exposed  wall,  and  1,150  square  feet  glass. 
Find  suitable  furnaces. 

143,000  1%  =  114,400 
5,600  x  4  =  22,400 
i,i5ox  40=  46,000 

182,800  -^-  800  =  228  + 
Quotient. 

The  quotient  is  higher  than  appears  in  table.  The 
component  number  57  appears  in  column  headed  ''40- 
inch  size."  (57  x  4  =  228.)  So  that  4 — 40-inch  PARA- 
GONS will  do  the  work.  The  component  number  76 
also  appears  in  columns  headed  "44  inch  "  and  "48- 
inch"  sizes,  (76x3=228).  Hence  three  44-inch,  or 
preferably  three  48-inch  PARAGONS  may  be  employed. 

NOTE 

The  estimates  of  heating  capacity  of  PARAGON 
FURNACES  herein  given,  are  all  calculated  upon  the 
basis  of  the  winter  temperature  of  the  city  of  Phila- 
delphia, where  the  extreme  low  temperature  never  ex- 
ceeds 5°  below  zero.  They  may  be  used  for  any 
locality  in  which  the  thermometer  is  not  known  to  fall 
below  7°  below  zero;  such  cities,  for  example,  as 
Boston,  New  York,  Baltimore,  Washington,  D.  C., 
Cincinnati,  Louisville  and  Atlanta.  For  localities  in 
Western  Maryland,  West  Virginia,  Southwestern  Vir- 
ginia, Eastern  Tennessee  and  Western  North  Carolina, 
the  estimates  of  Table  C  also  hold  good. 

For  localities  in  which  temperatures  ranging  from 
7°  to  20°  below  zero  are  occasionally  experienced,  20 
per  cent,  additional  capacity  should  be  provided;  as, 
for  example,  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  Portland,  Me.,  Burlington, 
Vt.,  Albany,  Buffalo,  Chicago,  Detroit,  Indianapolis 
and  St.  Louis. 


HINTS   ABOUT   HEATING  37 

For  localities  in  which  temperatures  as  low  as  from 
25°  to  38°  below  zero  sometimes  occur,  as,  for  example, 
St.  Paul,  Minneapolis,  Duluth  and  Milwaukee,  add  40 
per  cent,  to  the  figures  given  in  the  table. 

On  the  other  hand,  where  the  winter  temperature 
never  falls  more  than  from  6°  to  16°  below  the  freezing 
point,  or  say  to  16°  above  zero,  one-third  less  heating 
capacity  will  be  necessary,  and  from  30  to  35  per  cent, 
may  be  deducted  from  the  figures  given  in  the  table. 

Such  cities  as  Wilmington,  N.  C.,  Charleston,  S.  C., 
and  Savannah,  Ga. ,  fall  into  this  class. 

Directions  for  Using  Paragon  Furnaces 

Under  the  heading  "Furnace  Management,"  will 
be  found  some  general  comments  that  will  be  of  service 
to  any  one  who  ha's  charge  of  a  hot  air  furnace.  Some 
specific  directions,  applicable  to  the  "PARAGON  FUR- 
NACE," may  also  be  useful. 

To  Kindle  the  Fire 

Have  the  pipe  and  chimney  unobstructed,  the 
grate  in  its  proper  position,  and  the  ash  pit  free  from 
ashes  and  refuse.  Cover  the  grate  well  with  shavings 
and  small  chips.  Have  a  good  supply  of  larger  wood 
ready.  Before  lighting  fire,  close  check  draft  at  back 
of  furnace,  and  lift  the  shutter  in  ash  pit  door  as  far  as 
the  ratchet  will  permit.  As  soon  as  the  shavings  and 
chips  are  well  kindled,  put  in  the  larger  wood,  a  few 
pieces  at  a  time,  until  there  is  a  good  fire.  Put  on  not 
more  than  three  or  four  shovelsful  of  coal  at  first. 
When  this  is  fully  ignited,  add  as  many  more.  After 
this  second  supply  has  been  thoroughly  kindled,  fill  up 
the  fire  pot,  and  close  the  shutter  in  ash  pit  door.  The 
check  draft  at  the  back  must  not  be  opened  until  all 
the  gas  from  the  fresh  coal  has  passed  off.  Then,  if 
desired,  the  fire  may  be  checked  enough  to  keep  it 
burning  moderately,  although  steadily. 


38  HINTS   ABOUT   HEATING 

To  Care  for  the  Furnace 

Remove  the  ashes  once  every  twenty-four  hours, 
as  the  air  must  circulate  freely  under  the  grate,  or  it 
will  burn  out. 

Do  not  attempt  to  clear  a  low  fire.  Let  it  first 
burn  up  for  fifteen  or  twenty  minutes.  When  shaking 
the  grate  close  the  damper  or  ash  pit  door  and  open  the 
dust  damper;  this  will  keep  the  dust  from  coming  out 
into  the  cellar. 

Let  the  register-wheel  in  the  feed  door  remain 
open  except  when  starting  the  fire ;  this  admits  air  over 
the  surface  of  the  fire  and  will  cause  the  coal  gas  to 
ignite  and  burn. 

When  putting  coal  into  the  furnace  close  the  check 
damper  in  rear  of  furnace  and  the  damper  on  ash  pit 
door,  otherwise  gas  and  smoke  may  flow  out  of  the  feed 
door  and  get  into  the  rooms  above. 

Never  open  the  feed  door  except  when  putting  in 
coal.  To  check  the  fire,  open  the  damper  in  rear  of 
furnace  and  close  the  one  on  ash  pit  door. 

Keep  the  fire  pot  filled  with  coal,  even  with  the 
feed  door,  and  in  cold  weather  heap  it  up;  there  is  no 
economy  in  running  a  small  fire. 

To  keep  the  fire  over  night,  fill  the  fire  pot  round- 
ing full,  and  open  the  check  damper  in  rear  to  the 
second  notch,  and  the  ash  pit  damper  to  the  first  notch. 

The  cold  air  pipe  damper  must  never  be  entirely 
closed ;  the  supply  of  cold  air  should  be  governed  by 
the  temperature  of  air  coming  through  the  register.  If 
cold  air  comes  up  any  of  the  registers  while  there  is  a 
good  fire,  reduce  the  air  supply ;  if  any  register  does 
not  emit  any  air,  increase  the  supply.  The  cold  air 
supply  must  be  governed  by  the  weather. 

Keep  the  water  pan  full  of  water.  If  the  pan  is 
allowed  to  get  dry  it  should  be  taken  out  and  washed 


HINTS   ABOUT   HEATING  39 

clean,  otherwise  it  may  give  an  unpleasant  odor  in  the 
house  which  is  often  mistaken  for  coal  gas. 

To  remove  the  clinkers  from  the  draw  centre  grate, 
lift  the  hook  from  the  shaker  lever  and  pull  the  centre 
of  the  grate  toward  you,  and  then  put  the  poker  through 
the  clinker  doors  and  knock  the  dead  ashes  and  clinkers 
through  the  centre  of  the  grate  to  the  ash  pit;  then 
shove  the  centre  of  the  grate  to  its  place  and  shake  same. 

For  furnaces  with  the  triplex  grate  the  foregoing 
directions  apply,  except  as  to  the  use  of  the  grate. 
Large  coal  must  never  be  used  with  the  triplex  grate. 
To  agitate  the  grate,  put  the  connecting  lever  upon  the 
pin  at  the  bottom  of  the  upright  lever  at  the  inner  notch. 
When  the  clinker-clearing  or  dumping  movement, 
characteristic  of  the  triplex  grate,  is  desired,  move  the 
lever  to  the  outer  notch.  These  movements  will  always 
serve  to  keep  a  clear  and  bright  fire  with  hard  coal  of 
good  quality  and  proper  size.  With  too  large  coal,  or 
coal  of  poor  quality,  clinker  is  apt  to  form  in  the  centre 
of  the  fire,  which  is  less  easily  removed  by  the  triplex 
than  by  tile  draw  centre  grate. 

A  furnace  should  be  examined  every  spring,  by  a 
competent  furnace  man,  who  should  clean  the  smoke 
pipe  and  see  that  everything  is  in  good  working  order. 
When  soft  coal  is  used  it  may  be  found  desirable  to 
have  the  smoke-pipe  taken  down  and  cleaned  more  than 
once  during  the  winter.  If  soft  coal  is  to  be  the  fuel 
used,  it  should  be  stated  when  the  order  is  given,  that 
the  drum  checks  may  be  adjusted  so  as  to  prevent  any 
clogging  of  the  furnace  by  soot. 

Paragon  Combination  Furnaces 

The  cuts  on  pages  43-45  represent  the  floor  plans 
of  a  city  house  heated  with  a  No.  340  PARAGON 
FURNACE  with  water  heating  attachment.  The  house 
being  narrow  with  three  stories  and  basement,  having 


40  HINTS   ABOUT   HEATING 

occupied  rooms  requiring  heat  on  each  floor,  with  main 
stairway  between  the  front  and  rear  parts,  the  illustra- 
tions show  the  facility  with  which  distant  rooms  can  be 
heated  from  one  furnace  with  water  heater  in  cases  in 
which  two  furnaces  would  be  objectionable.  The  cuts 
show  how  the  front  building  is  heated  by  hot  air,  a 
large  register  being  opened  in  the  back  part  of  hall 
near  the  staircase,  to  preserve  the  proper  balance  be- 
tween the  hot  air  and  the  hot  water  parts  of  the  system. 
The  main  flow  pipe  and  part  of  the  return  pipes  are 
located  near  the  basement  ceiling.  The  return  pipe 
drops  to  the  floor  at  the  radiator  in  the  dining  room  and 
runs  above  the  floor  through  the  stairway  and  cellar  to 
a  point  opposite  the  furnace,  where  it  passes  into  a  brick 
trench  below  the  cellar  floor  (shown  by  dotted  line)  to 
the  furnace,  and  up  into  the  water  heater.  The  draw- 
off  cock  is  placed  at  the  partition  between  cellar  and 
stairway,  the  waste  from  same  running  into  a  gutter  in 
the  area  at  side  of  house.  Two  cold  air  ducts  are  shown, 
opening  at  opposite  sides  of  house.  The  one  on  the 
side  against  which  wind  is  blowing  at  any  particular 
time  is  opened,  and  the  other  is  then  kept  closed. 

Directions  for  Setting  Paragon  Portable  Furnaces 

If  furnace  is  to  stand  over  a  pit,  carry  up  a  central 
pier  of  brick  work  under  ash  pit,  to  support  weight 
of  furnace.  If  it  is  to  stand  on  cellar  floor,  place 
under  it  a  course  of  brick,  carefully  leveled  and 
cemented  on  top,  to  prevent  dust  arising  from  floor  of 
cellar.  Have  the  furnace  base  perfectly  level,  as  other- 
wise the  furnace  sections,  when  erected,  will  not  stand 
plumb,  and  may  not  fit  well.  See  that  the  ash  pit  ring, 
in  the  44-inch  and  48-inch  sizes  is  put  in  place  with  the 
lug  in  front.  On  the  40-inch  and  smaller  sizes  this  ring 
is  bolted  fast.  Cement  this  ring  thoroughly,  and  then 
place  the  fire  pot  on  ash  pit  ring,  so  that  notches  in  fire 


HINTS  ABOUT   HEATING  41 

pot  cover  projections  on  ring.  Fill  in  around  bottom 
of  fire  pot  with  asbestos  cement,  a  can  of  which  ac- 
companies each  furnace.  Put  dust  damper  in  place, 
and  put  the  lower  dust  pipe  on  the  oval  collar.  Then 
lift  the  drum  section  up  on  fire  pot.  Secure  the  upper 
dust  flue  pipe  with  bolts  to  oval  collar  under  neck  of 
furnace,  and  set  the  drum  section  in  place,  with  the 
notches  in  lower  radiator  covering  the  lugs  on  the  fire 
pot,  slipping  the  upper  dust  pipe  over  the  lower  one.. 
Fill  up  joint  between  fire  pot  and  upper  radiator  with 
asbestos  cement. 

Then  put  on  lower  galvanized  casing,  and  draw  it  up 
neatly  to  place,  bolting  it  fast  to  front.  Put  on  the 
lower  inside  casing  and  next  fix  the  lower  casing  ring 
(with  two  flanges  on  top)  in  position.  Next  put  on  the 
upper  inside  casing,  taking  care  to  see  that  the  hole  in 
casing  around  smoke  collar  is  large  enough  to  allow  for 
free  expansion.  Then  put  the  upper  galvanized  casing 
neatly  into  place,  bolting  it  on  one  side  to  the  upper 
front  and  then  pulling  it  up  to  place  on  the  other  side 
by  means  of  wire  passed  through  the  bolt  holes  of  the 
casing.  Put  on  the  upper  casing  ring.  Bolt  on  the 
draft  check,  and  also  the  upper  front.  Have  all  joints 
properly  cemented.  Put  on  the  dome  top  with  outlets, 
and  the  furnace  will  be  ready  to  connect  with  the  hot 
air  pipes. 

Paragon  Brick  Set  Furnaces 

Any  person  accustomed  to  setting  furnaces  in  brick 
work  will  find  no  special  instructions  needed.  The 
furnace  should  be  firmly  bedded  in  cement,  so  that  the 
projections  on  the  bottom  may  hold  the  furnace  firmly 
in  position  when  the  grate  is  being  shaken.  The  front 
opening  should  be  covered  by  a  bar,  and  the  size  so 
arranged  as  to  make  a  neat  finish  behind  the  front 
moulding.  The  front  is  not  fastened  to  the  brick  work, 
and  may  easily  be  removed  at  any  time. 


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Nos.  540  and  640 
Nos.  544  and  644 
Nos.  548  and  648 

House  Heated  by  Paragon  Combination  Furnace 


Longitudinal  Section 


House  Heated  by  Paragon  Combination  Furnace 


Basement  and  Floor  Plans 


House  Heated  by  Paragon  Combination  Furnace 


Second  and  Third  Floor  Plans 


PARAGON  HOT  AIR  FURNACE 

With  of  without  Water  Heating  Attachment 


Cut  shows  Finished  Furnace  with  Water  Pan  in  Front 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 
BERKELEY 

Return  to  desk  from  which  borrowed. 
This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below. 


24 

» 


MAR  2  8  1955 


REC'D 

JRH5   '64 


1PM 


LD  21-100m-ll,'49(B7146sl6)476 


YB  51958 


